Woman as Leaders an Example by

Woman as Leaders Considerable recent research has been conducted that defines women as leaders manage or lead in a different way from the manners men do. Proponents of the women do lead in a different way proposition hypothesize that women intrinsically own or develop certain characteristics of personality that deviate penetratingly from male leadership uniqueness. For instance, Flynn (1994) developed a supposition that women are professed stereotypically as working from individual vulnerability and oblique power bases, whereas men are found as using strong antagonistic sorts of power. Need essay sample on "Woman as Leaders" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Till near past the general view about business administration was an arrangement subjugated by males whose leadership style was action-oriented, hierarchical, and also quasi-military. The superlative leader was viewed as a sovereign, sturdy, characteristic hero. However at the present a new cohort of women is carrying to business a style frequently explained as more consensus-building, more open and comprehensive, more liable to support contribution by others, and even more considerate than that of several males. The women leaders hardly ever or never gave orders; opting instead to encourage their employees involvement in decision making. Women leaders give confidence to employees to perform together towards the ultimate aims. The finding, female leader as a participative, employee-involved, team-based leader is harmonious with the recent research theories on female authority bases; none of the women refer to her position in the association as a stage for pressurizing nor she uses coercive authority. The considerable recent research led to the growth of a heuristic form of women leadership. This model distinguishes a woman leader as one who favors to function from a reward authority foundation. Under this model female leaders possess an elevated degree of employee participation that characteristically results in a team-based administration approach. In addition, this woman has entrepreneurial visualization, which she is competent to converse efficiently to her team members; this in turn provides as an unexpected inspiring strength to accomplish the objective of the association. (Patricia, 2004) Finally, these female leaders promote mutual confidence and value between her and her team members. Hence I support the statement that considerable recent research has been conducted that defines women as leaders and contrasts the results of female and male leaders. References Flynn, L.P., Shore, L. (1994), "Gender and context: the moderating effect of work group gender composition and occupation sex-type on work attitudes and behaviors ", Proceedings of the Southern Management Association, Southern Management Association, Valdosta, GA, pp.489-91. Patricia S. Parker, (2004), Race, Gender, and Leadership: Re-Envisioning Organizational Leadership from the Perspectives of African American Women Executives, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.

Cell Phones Cause Damage to Brain and Society

Cell Phones Cause Damage to Brain and Society Free Online Research Papers Cell phones are widely-used devices in society today. The cell phone is a useful resource, and thats a fact. Cell phones today are used for many more purposes than simply making a phone call. Cell phones can now record videos, take pictures, surf the web, and provide endless hours of entertainment in various other ways. Unfortunately, cell phones do not only bring good news. Most cell phone users are not concerned with the bad influences, health issues, and other problems that cell phones can cause. An MIT study showed that the cell phone was voted as the, top invention that people hate the most, but cant live without. Cell phones in most cases are good to have, but are they as harmless as they seem? Although cell phones are a useful and valuable tool, they can cause brain damage, impair the body, and influence societal issues. Over time, more and more reports of brain tumors and brain damage have appeared in recent studies. Brain cancer rates in USA have increased by 25% since 1975 (Amy Worthington). This is because cell phones are microwave transmitters. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic wave used to transmit information from one place to another. Frequencies created by these electromagnetic waves can, cause cancer and other diseases by in interfering with cellular DNA (The Journal of Cellular Biochemistry). DNA There are arguments that people have been using cell phones for years without troubles, but that is because negative effects of cell phone use are only beginning to turn up. Scientists are unsure why incidence of the disease is growing so exponentially (Cell Phones Shrink Brain Cells). Scientists from Italy have proven that in some cases, radiation can assist in the growing of cancerous cells. By testing on rats, scientists have found that EMF (electromagnetic field) radiation can destroy b rain cells by rapid cell aging. Cell phones are handy, but are they not a shot in the dark as well? How can this seemingly innocent item of technology damage ones body? Many kinds of diseases have been linked to cell phones. Recent studies confirm that the cell and cordless phone can damage nerves in the scalp, create joint pain, and muscle spasms and tremors† (You Dont Deserve Brain Cancer You Deserve the Facts). Radiation can alter the brain electrical activity during sleep, especially to young children. Young people are especially warned to stay away from EMF radiation. In London, underage cell phone use may be prohibited in the near future. This is in the interest of Adolescent minds. (They are normally still in the developing phase.) Although it is unknown whether children are more susceptible to RF exposure, they may be at increased risk because of their developing organ and tissue systems (National Research Council). â€Å"When compared to subjects with restricted use of cell phones, young people with excessive use of cell phones have increased restlessness with more careless lifestyles† (Science Daily). Lack of sleep and increased cell phone use can be a recipe for disaster. Sleep-wake patterns can be altered, along with â€Å"serious health risks as well as attention and cognitive problems† (Dr. Badre- â€Å"Science News†). Problems have arisen, because of people multitasking, or using their cell phones while trying to accomplish everyday activities. Danger of using phones on planes, in movie theaters, grocery stores, and cars increase everyday. A report from 2003 states, â€Å"Cell phone distraction results in 2,600 deaths, 330,000 injuries, and 1.5 million instances of property damage in the United States each year.† Cell phones evoke many disturbances, as well. Phone etiquette does not have a finely drawn line, and is hard to judge, so sometimes people are unsure whether using a cell phone in a certain place is rude or not. This universal, trendy device creates habitual tendencies in this world. Some feel like they can go no where without them. â€Å"Ninety percent of cell phone owners say they use the phone while driving† (Human Factors and Ergonomics Society). People become attached to these devices, because they have grown to need it. Texting is popular with many people, not only te ens. Cell phones are not just a helpful tool, either. They are a money maker, and companies have spent millions of dollars, researching to find results of cell phone safety. The findings were not good, so they don’t spread around those facts. â€Å"In 1993, the telecom industry committed $25 million dollars for a series of research projects designed to prove that cell phones are safe†¦they proved that federal microwave exposure standards are dangerously inadequate..† (Amy Worthington). Just because cell phones have the ability to damage, does not imply that they are always harmful. Still, the fact remains that cell phone users know the positive facts about cellular telephones far better than the unpleasant details that also subsist. Two Hundred and Sixty-Six million people have subscribed to wireless communication thanks to publicizing of this resources strengths, not frailties. There are ways to be smart about cell phone use, such as using a headset, or a landline, and limiting use of the accessory. Cell phones are trendy, universal, and valuable, but are they worth risking ourselves, our brains, and our way of life? 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Migrants and Asylum Seekers in Italy Term Paper

Migrants and Asylum Seekers in Italy - Term Paper Example Migrants and Asylum Seekers in Italy Among these migrations there are some that are illegal and this can be attributed to rise in the number of human smugglers. The problem of human smugglers has been on many countries’ radar since it not only contributes to illegal immigrations but also risks the lives of the immigrants. For example, entry to Europe has raised concerns since most of the migrations take place through the Mediterranean Sea without proper means hence risking the lives of these immigrants. The UNHCR reports reveal that approximately 3000 immigrants have died or got lost in the Mediterranean in 2014. This are relatively high numbers especially considering that the year has not even ended yet hence there may be more fatalities. However, amid these increased immigrations there are some countries that are affected more seemingly due to their strategic position in reference to the Mediterranean. For instance Italy has received more migrants and asylum seekers than most of the other countries in Europe. A s such it is arguably more favorable to take keen focus on the immigration trends in Italy. Reports by UNHCR showed that there were about 140000 new arrivals in Italy in 2014 via the route of Mediterranean. These are relatively high numbers of immigrations and in such scenario there are high chances of having an increase in numbers of asylum seekers. Asylum seekers are self-proclaimed refugees who are yet to be definitively evaluated. Most of the immigrants into Italy mainly come from Eritrea, Somalia, and Afghanistan.

St George's Church, Schenectady, NY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

St George's Church, Schenectady, NY - Essay Example To the north is the Mohawk river. As an Anglican Church, St. George’s was established by British missionaries and supported by many other churches in the area. Donations were provided by Trinity Church on Wall St., as well as from the many Dutch and English settlers. Sir William Johnson became one of the first parishioners, with a generous donation. He also used his influence with fellow officers to gain even more support. â€Å"Well known throughout the colonies for his defeat of the French at Lake George, Johnson's heroic capture of Fort Niagara only weeks before the initial subscription helped guarantee a favorable response.† (stgeorgesschenectady.org). Church membership was limited to those who held blue collar jobs with limited means Through the 1700s. In the 1770s, during the Revolutionary war the church was used as a barracks. For the remainder of the century the church struggled with membership and obtaining appropriate leadership. Again, in the early 1800s Trin ity Church donated funds for repair of St. George’s and for the Rector’s salary. In 1810 the church formed a choir. By 1830 a Sunday School with around 70 children was operating. An active Ladies’ Guild was also raising funds for church projects by this time, allowing it to become more self sufficient. In 1941 William Johnson returned, this time as Rector of St. George’s.

African Reaction to Colonialism Through Resistance and Collaboration Essay Example for Free

African Reaction to Colonialism Through Resistance and Collaboration Essay By the end of World War I, most of Africa had been effectively colonized. European colonialists had managed to quell the efforts by Africans to resist the establishment of colonial rule. The next two decades, the period historians call the inter-war years, were relatively quiet years in colonial Africa. This relative quiet, however, did not indicate that the colonized people of Africa were happy with colonial rule-that there was no opposition to colonialism. During the inter-war years opposition to colonialism was expressed in one of the following forms: Demands for opportunity and inclusion: Many Africans at this time accepted the reality of colonial rule but they did not accept the harsh discrimination and the lack of opportunity that was a central part of the colonial experience. Opposition to these aspects of colonialism was particularly strong among educated Africans. Educated Africans believed that all humans are created equal. Discriminatory colonial policies and practice restricted economic opportunities and participation in the political process. During this period, educated Africans formed organizations to promote their interest for an end to discriminatory policies and for an increase in opportunities. However, these organizations had limited membership, and they did not make radical demands for the end of colonial rule. The South African National Congress and the West African National Congress (Nigeria/Ghana) are examples of elite African organizations. Religious opposition: A number of the early anti-colonial up-risings featured in the last section were led by religious leaders. The Chimurenga (Zimbabwe) and Maji-Maji (Tanganyika) uprisings were led by African priests who were strongly opposed to colonial rule. This tradition of religious opposition to colonialism continued throughout the 20th century. However, unlike the earlier acts of religious resistance, the new opposition was led by African Christians. African Christians took seriously the Christian teachings on equality and fairness-values that were not practiced by colonial regimes. By the 1920s, some African Christian leaders were forming their own churches, sometimes called African Independent Churches. These churches that were formed in Southern, Eastern, Central and West Africa, provided a strong voice for justice. One of many examples is the Kimbaguist Christian Church formed in the Congo by Simon Kimbangu in the 1920s. In spite of Kimbangus imprisonment for many years by the Belgians, the Kimbanguist church grew rapidly. When the Congo became independent in 1960, the church had a membership of over one million. Economic opposition: During this time period economic opposition was often not well organized. However, there were attempts in the 1920s and 1930s by mine workers in southern Africa and port workers in West and East Africa to organize into unions. While important, these activities had little impact on the majority of African peoples. Of greater impact were the less organized but more widespread efforts of African farmers to resist colonial demands on their labor and their land. Module Nine: African Economies provides an example of how small scale African farmers in Mali quietly, but effectively, resisted the attempts by colonial officials to control the production of cotton. Mass protests: During the inter-war era, there were few mass protests against colonial policies. One of the most important and interesting exceptions was the Aba Womens War that took place in southeastern Nigeria in 1929. Ibo market women were upset with a number of colonial policies that threatened their economic and social position. In 1929, the women staged a series of protests. The largest protest included more than 10,000 women who had covered their faces with blue paint and carried fern-covered sticks. The women were able to destroy a number of colonial buildings before soldiers stopped the protest, killing more than fifty women in the process. Not surprisingly in contemporary Nigeria, the Aba Women are considered to be national heroes!

William Blake | Critique Of Organized Religion

William Blake | Critique Of Organized Religion William Blake is known to be a lunatic of his time, from 1757 to 1827, for producing imaginative engravings and mystical poems with radical opinions regarding society and fundamental beliefs. For this reason, his work was not appreciated by the general public at that time even though they eventually became extremely influential on the literary movement known as Romanticism. His condemnation of the authoritarianism nature of organized religion is blatantly shown in Songs of Experience through the depiction of relentless suffering because of the belief that organized religion and social injustice are essentially conflated. For instance in The Garden of Love from Experience, Blake creates a contrast between the innocence and carefree nature of children [playing] on the green, which is also seen in The Echoing Green in Songs of Innocence, and criticism of the Church represented by the metonym, Chapel. The reference to green represents the centre of the village community before the Indust rial Revolution and more importantly, to the innocence of the prelapsarian. In addition, the fact that the Chapel is built in the midst illustrates the view that the Church predominantly causes corruption and hardship in society where contentment is a thing of the past as implied by the expression used to. Consequently, the binary opposition of innocence, the idyllic nature of childhood and experience, the corruption of mankind in the titles of the volumes is an ironic contrast to symbolize the constraints of religious doctrines and the agony inflicted on people as a result. Gaining worldly experiences and knowledge will ultimately distort our innocence; so Blake criticizes the Church and its part in causing as well as upholding social injustice during the Industrial Revolution. This is worthy of exploring because Blake is a poet of the first generation of romanticism so he wrote passionate poems as a protest during the Industrial Revolution when values are shifted and oppression of the poor was a norm. Therefore we are able to get an insight into what people felt during that time of adversity through Blakes powerful lyrical delivery using poetic language, rather than having to interpret meaningless facts and figures. The isolated Songs of Innocence was first published in 1789, and the combined volume of Songs of Innocence and of Experience was later published in 1794, which turns out to be one of the most famous illuminated books Blake has ever composed. He brought about a groundbreaking technique at the time, relief etching, which enabled him to combine visuals and words to present a holistic representation of his vision to the reader. The combination of the two volumes includes an extra subtitle Shewing the Two Contrary States of the Human Soul, to illustrate the two extremes of mankind; innocence which can be associated with the prelapsarian before The Fall of Man and experience, usually associated with the postlapsarian. This can be seen in the engravings on the title page of this volume of flames representing Gods wrath blasting over Adam and Eve who are covering their loins, illustrating their state of experience. As well as that, the additional heading emphasizes the importance of Blakes intention for the two originally separated books to be read side by side, so a complete argument is offered because Without contraries is no progression, he insisted. For instance, complementary poems of the same name like Introduction can be found in both Songs, acting as commentaries on each other with diverse viewpoints. The poem from the Innocence collection is simple with an optimistic tone, showing life through the eyes of children. In the first two lines, we sense that the narrator is youthful and untainted by the world because the repetition of Piping suggests a purely spontaneous and natural form of music. In addition, the fact that the songs are without lyrics symbolizes that in this period of innocence children are not confined to the complex meanings spoken words denote. As a direct contrast, in Introduction of Experience, The Holy Word has been heard by people; signifying complexity is brought into life after gaining experiences and they are subjected to exploitation an d suffering. Other than that, we can observe from the title pages of both Songs the graduation of life. This is because the young children portrayed in Innocence receive education from a nurse, which represents joy and innocence as shown in Nurses Song, the nurse says My heart is at rest within my breast And everything is still when she watches children play on the field. A similar form of innocence is evident in her because she takes pleasure in watching her children in their carefree spirit. However on the title page of Experience, the young children from Innocence are grown up and shown to be weeping by the deathbed of their parents. This symbolizes that children eventually have to grow to endure the harsh experiences life brings, for example death as signified by Runs in blood down Palace walls in London. In addition, they are prone to experience suffering that life as well as society brings to them, the latter being ironical because of the exploitation of children during that period in jobs like chimney sweeping. This is suggested in the Introduction of Innocence where the progression of the last two stanzas foreshadows a transformation from innocence to experience. An element of purity is brought forward when the narrator uses water as ink to write, since it is typically used to represent purity. As t he narrator staind the water clear it is also implied that sins will eventually corrupt the purity of the child, and the inevitability that innocence will turn into experience is first proposed. Therefore, Blake seems to be suggesting that we find our own balance through these subtle comparisons between the two states and to enhance his disapproval of the treatments of people at that time by painting a model scenario of what would be more desirable. In the pairing of The Lamb from Innocence and The Tyger from Experience, a realistic perspective on religion is put forward when the naÃÆ' ¯f ignorant view of children is set against a cynical experienced view. The Lamb is structured like a catechism, which is used to be used to teach children religious teachings, with questions and answers in the first and second stanza, respectively. The central question from the narrator is Little Lamb, who made thee? Dost thou know who made thee? This happens to be one of the fundamental and controversial problems of humanity, concerning the creation of life and the universe. The repetition of Little Lamb, Ill tell thee in the first two lines of the second stanza shows the narrators confidence in his answer. Blake illustrates the link between the lamb and Jesus Christ, whom is symbolically the Lamb of God, in the lines: For he calls himself a Lamb. He is meek, he is mild. The alliterative adjectives meek and mild are a conventional belief of Christs traits and the emphasized connection between the Lamb and Christ is evident. Therefore, this depicts the simple and innocent faith that is typical in children because they do not question their beliefs or authorities, even though the idea of a little child being the creator of the Little Lamb should seem absurd to an innocent mind. On the other hand, in The Tyger there are a series of rhetorical questions posed, rather than one central, focused one, and the tone seems slightly interrogative, adding more tension to the poem. The question which explicitly relates it to The Lamb is in the fifth stanza: Did he who made the Lamb make thee? The poem presents a questioning of whether or not the same divine being or immortal hand or eye is the creator of both the lamb and the tyger, if so; why would He create such a terrifying creature anyway? The destructive nature of the tyger is expressed throughout the poem, for example in the second stanza. The imagery of the fire burning within its eyes exudes a sense of ferocity and danger, which is also suggested by its fearful symmetry. As well as that, the regular iambic meter with a stressed first syllable on each line gives the poem an aggressive and pounding rhythm. This brings the tyger to life, conveying its movements and the reader can feel the beating heart in the poem , adding a layer of intensity, whereas in The Lamb, there is a resemblance to songs and hymns with a calm rhythm to it. This is due to the soft vowels and repetitive couplets, giving the poem a sense of flowing continuity. Consequently, the tyger is essentially a symbol for the evil and darkness of human nature which eventually is responsible for instigating the social evils, as opposed to innocence and goodness represented by the lamb. According to that, the poem offers the reader a more experienced issue so to speak, that God produces suffering and violence in the world too, challenging the typical and conventional beliefs of God that innocent Christians would possess. Another point worth noting is that the tyger portrayed in the poem is in some ways reminiscent of the devils of the Industrial Revolution. The reason behind this is that God is presented as a blacksmith with the craftsmanship of divinity, suggested by the lexes: hammer, chain, furnace and anvil in the fourth stanza which can be associated to the tools and noises that may be heard during that period. The simple union of the two concepts of an imperfect God creating good and evil embodied in the lamb and the tiger, and the endless suffering the Industrial Revolution resulted in, gives the reader a glimpse into Blakes ideology of the relationship between organized religion and social injustice. The conflict between the discussions of creation in the two aforementioned poems leads to the imminent theme of social injustice, which Blake regarded to be made available by the Church which he also accuses to be responsible for repression. This is explored in the two different The Chimney Sweeper poems as Kathleen Raine delicately puts it: The Chimney Sweeper of Innocence can escape in dreams into a heavenly country; but Experience reminds us that the crimes of society against the children of the poor are none the less for that.  [1]  First of all, in the poem in Innocence, even though the sweeper is abandoned as implied by the lines [his] mother diedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And [his] father sold [him], he seems to be content with his situation. In contrast, the narrators conscious awareness and blame of his parents betrayal and their part in his abject circumstances in Experience is apparent in the lines: Where are thy father mother? Say? They are both gone up to the church to pray. To hide their guilt, the parents go to church and praise God, perhaps so that their sins of abandoning their child to a dangerous job can be forgiven. Optimism is first shown in Innocence in the dialogue the narrator has with Tom, Hush, Tom! Never mind it, for when you heads bare You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair. A sense of hope in shown in this speech, which is typical of children but it can also mean that nothing can remove the innocence of children, through the juxtaposition of white hair symbolizing purity and blackness of the soot which can not only represent evilness of man that led to this suffering but sins too; also beginning with the letter, s. However, Blake proves this to be untrue in other poems as the innocent will eventually get exposed to the corruption and distortion that comes with age and experience. On the other hand, The Chimney Sweeper in Experience acts as a complaint of the exploitation of children to be chimney sweepers with bitterness, presenting the hard reality. Rather than believing that So if all do their duty they need not fear harm like the chimney sweep in Innocence believed, which is full of naivety because he is hopeful in the cruelty of his situation and faithful that being obedient will eventually get him to the place he wants to be Heaven; he believed that Because I was happy upon the heath, And smild among the winters snow, They clothed me in the clothes of death, And taught me to sing the notes of woe. Blake uses a half rhyme in this stanza to stress the atrocity of the situation and the extent of the narrators suffering. Therefore, the narrator acknowledges that he is made a victim because his parents envy his happiness so he is clothed in the clothes of death which may resemble the black soot that covers a chimney sweepers body and clothes, or it can illustrate his life of endless suffering that resembles death anyway. As well as that, the belief of the narrator in Innocence is twisted and ironic in a way since the nature of the job is dangerous, as implied in the poem in Innocence through coffins of black conveying death, so in reality they are constantly being harmed. Therefore this may suggest that organized religion sometimes makes it possible for children to be made victim of their own innocence. Similarly in Experience, the chimney sweep has been dehumanized to A little black thing and the stark contrast of colors between the snow and him is indicative that he is corrupted to simply a spot of impurity upon the snow. Blakes contempt and skepticism for parents who fail to protect their children, and authorities in England at that time are evident in the final stanza. After the exploitation of children, the parents think they have doneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ no injury which shows their ignorance because in fact the children are not only physically harmed but also psychologically. The plate of this poem paints a realistic picture of a chimney sweep looking at the sky full of gloom, with a bag on his back presumably filled with soot. The effect of this design is that it gives the poem a quality of poignancy because the boy is alone, after knowing that his guardians have disregarded his safety. Other than that, the last two lines of the poem are a powerful accusation due to the fact that Blake condemns God his Priest King. In other words, the Church and the government are criticized for endorsing and upholding the chimney sweep trade, but God is also reproached for his callousness and for condoning the suff ering of His children, His lambs. Blake seems to be suggesting that the Church and the government are conspiring to oppress the weaker communities in society, for instance the poor, perpetuating their misery. The conclusion of the poem, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ make up a Heaven of our misery evokes much thought since it is the narrators realization that the authorities who provoke the suffering makes certain promises of Heaven, of eternal joy, if hed be a good boy as told by the Angel in Innocence. However, these may merely be a form of illusion designed to make the agony and cruelty of the world seem plausible and even honorable. A reference to chimney sweepers is also made in the famous poem London in Experience, bringing to light the exploitation of children at that time and the social degradation that resulted. This is shown in the third stanza where the victim, Chimney-sweepers, along with the others such as the Harlot and Soldier, is shown as a proper noun to enhance the scrutiny of the suffering they are made to endure. The cry refers to the line Could scarcely cry weep! weep! weep! weep! in The Chimney Sweeper of Innocence, which not only echoes innocence because it acts as a plaintive cry but it also urges the reader to empathize with the boy. However it also indicates that the boy is unable to correctly pronounce sweep, which comes with age. Therefore it deepens the effect of the poem since a young innocent boy has to seek ways to escape from the atrocities in life that he needs to face; which in reality he should not have to. The second line reminds the reader of Blakes criticism that the Church con dones chimney sweeping, which covered the children with black soot. Plus, the word blackning symbolizes the corruption and wearing down of the reputation of the Church and its morality which appalls Blake, as well as the citizens of London and the reader. The choice of vocabulary is very interesting here, as appalls acts as a pun insinuating death; a pall being a cloth to cover a coffin, further suggesting that the Church condones death which is also used in Holy Thursday of Innocence. On the contrary, The Ecchoing Green of Innocence, which can be considered to be the counterpart of London, depicts a day in the life of children enjoying the freedom of nature as indicated by the first line The Sun does rise representing dawn and in the last stanza, dusk: The sun does descend. Consequently, it is possible that this reflects the cycle of life as well and the graduation of childhood to maturity. Other than that, the freedom of nature is evident through the repetition of words that gives a sense of happiness throughout, for instance happy, merry, chearful, laugh and so on. It is apparent that the delightful tone conveys an idealistic love for nature and life as opposed to the revulsion of what has become of ones existence in London. The form of London is crucial in understanding the main theme; the alternate rhyming lines, and consistent number of lines and syllables with a simple rhythm throughout evoke a feeling of limitation. Consequently, it provides an initial idea that the poem will contain numerous images of restriction and an in-depth study of the fears of the people during that period of time. The Ecchoing Green however, has three verses of ten short lines with an alternating rhyme scheme. The effect of the short lines is that the rhyme is heard more frequently so the ambiance of the poem is more lighthearted instead of the dark, bitter tone of London. Other than that the rhyme enables the poem to flow, and producing the echo as suggested by the title at the same time, which brings to mind a raw setting. The notion of confinement of London is further dealt with in the ambiguity of the word that appears in the first line charterd, which is also repeated in the next line, as it can convey freedom as well as constraint and control. However when the word is put against the phrase Thames does flow, an oxymoron is created by implying that a flowing river is being restrained; further developing the notion of a lack of freedom in the city. In addition, the progression from a visual imagery in the first stanza Marks of weakness, marks of woe, to aural in the next In every Infants cry of fear makes it virtually impossible for the reader or audience to shy away from the grave topic. Blake makes use of a pun in mark where it is first used as a verb in mark in every face and next as a noun to emphasize the commonality of misery. On another note, the numerous cases in which deliberate repetition is used in the poem not only give emphasis to the subject but it also reinforces the idea of human degradation that should not be overlooked. In every cry of every Man, In every Infants cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind-forgd manacles I hear. The insistent repetition of every in this case emphasizes that the suffering and agony presented is a social norm, begging for the readers concern and attention. Yet, the last line of the stanza brings to mind the psychological torment the Church endorses; the restriction of thoughts and desires as implied by the mind-forgd manacles that bind the mind from thoughts and any outbursts of rebellion. Also, this can be related to The Garden of Love mentioned beforehand, since it alludes to the fact that organized religion and the Church has a major role in oppressing the poor. For instance, the imagery Blake uses to portray this is the Garden of Love which is now filled with graves,/ And tomb-stones where flowers should be. The graves and tomb-stones signify death after the loss of innocence, represented by the sweet flowers of the past, due to religious authorities. This conclusion can be drawn because of the imperative quote, Thou shalt not written on the door of the Chapel, a biblical allusion to the Ten Commandments, and an instrument to make repression and prohibition of expression appear acceptable whereas at the same time showing the extent of the restriction imposed by religious doctrines. Although this poem has an implicit link with London, a more obvious connection can be found between it and The Ecchoing Green, which is why many critics claim that the latter is the true counterpart assigned to it. The line that draws immediate connection to The Ecchoing Green is: Where I used to play on the green in the first stanza, where the comparison of the tranquility of The birds of the bush,/ Sing lounder around is made against the garden which is destroyed by the regimentation of organized religion. A stark contrast is shown between The Ecchoing Green and London with regards to love within a family. For instance, in the former poem the children return to their mothers and through a simple simile Like birds in their nest, Blake is able to convey innocent love in family life whereas in London even the most fundamental relationship one between mother and child, is tainted. This is evident in the last stanza where a prostitute is portrayed as a representative of women who were victims in England during that time. Plagues implies that the prostitute will pass on venereal disease to her children and family, hence the curse on the infant and the paradoxical expression: Marriage hearse. This is because a hearse is associated to death and funerals; implying that she will wreck the marriage. Other than that, the disease she carries illustrates the corruption of physical self which Blake intended to be a criticism of societys lack of support for this community. Additionally, the pun made on curse can be of the cussing due to her self-loathing for the distress she causes her child, or it can be the horrors that the child will eventually have to face in the world. As opposed to the affectionate mothers in The Ecchoing Green, she is responsible for passing on a disease. The curse can also be on society because everyone is potentially cursed; the total degradation of life and health gives a poignant yet powerful indictment on the social injustices the blackning Church makes allowances for. Furthermore, a powerful condemnation is made in the final two lines of The Garden of Love, And Priests in black gowns were walking their rounds, And binding with briars my joys desires. Throughout the poem the first and third lines of each stanza rhyme but the last line is inconsistent with this rhyme scheme, hence highlighting its importance. An anti-priest view is stated when the connection between Priests and black gowns are made because it suggests that organized religion is responsible for the death and the graves that are previously discussed. The internal rhyme in these two lines is significant because it shows the restriction imposed by the Church and it connects important words together, such as briars and desires. Consequently it reflects the suppression of thoughts and the dictatorship of the Church over peoples freedom. Similarly, the two Holy Thursday poems form an accusation against society for hypocrisy and for the grim lives of children living on charity when read collectively. The two poems depict children from charity schools setting out to St. Pauls Cathedral on Ascension Day, also known as Holy Thursday. However, each of the poems offers a different perspective of the occasion. For instance in the poem in Innocence there are repetitions of words such as Innocent, white, flowers, radiance and lambs, suggesting innocence and delight. At first look the poem seems to be of children singing praise like a mighty wind to the authorities that help the poor the wise guardians of the poor, however the readers interpretation of it may shift after reading the more realistic view in the poem in Experience. The mighty wind of their voices has now become a trembling cry which is ironic since the children shown in Innocence are full of power but in reality they are powerless when being exploited. As well a s that the wise guardians are now compared to being a usurous hand. This effectively demonstrates Blakes criticism that the supposed guardians lack the attention and compassion for the wellbeing of children as they are figuratively compared to a hand. Therefore these two examples show Blakes use of duality in his symbolisms and metaphors to enhance his complaint of society. However, the difference between the experiences of the world of the narrators from each of the poems may be due to the difference in their beliefs and their exposure to reality. Blakes usage of contrasting colours of the uniforms in red blue green with the grey-headed beadles in the first stanza of the poem in Innocence suggests that innocence is in the hands of abused authority. Furthermore, the wands as white as snow may evoke a sense of innocence but the wand can equally suggest rigidity and regimentation. Other than that, the repetition of the quantity of people participating in the occasion in the words: multitude and thousands, shows the large amount of poverty that existed, on a literal level. It also urges us to question why the charities are necessary in the first place, therefore challenging the quality of life people had at that time. On the other hand, a more explicit condemnation is made through the rhetorical questions and partial answers in Experience. Firstly, in the first stanza the flowers are now Babes reducd to misery, which shows the vulnerability of the innocence to be exploited and it makes clear of what they have become victims. Th e rhetorical question presented therefore is whether or not it is a holy thing that some people are still so miserable in such a well-developed country. Also, this can emphasize the views brought forward in The Tyger, challenging the conventional God which brings pain and torture as suggested by the phrase filld with thorns, as well as evil to the world. The answer to the question seems to be in the second stanza, where the repetition of poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ poverty! creates an emphasis on the hostile conditions, where the relentless suffering of the children are also illustrated through the repetition of And their in the third stanza. Therefore the ironic contrast between a rich and fruitful land and a land of poverty is formed, where the latter may in actual fact suggest the spiritual poverty of the system which appears to be the root of the problem. This is also suggested in the puns of the last stanza where the words sun and rain bring to mind son and reign, respectively. These w ords can be related back to Jesus and it shows that as long as Jesus is present in the people there will be spiritual fulfillment. As a result, the reason for the exploitation of children is suggested to be due to peoples lack of spiritual welfare so they compensate by being materialistic. The two lines in which these puns are used, For where-eer the sun does shine, And were-eer the rain does fallà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ present a vision and hope for the future where children are no longer abused by the system. Plus, references to the nature are made as opposed to the eternal winter caused by men and industrialization, which shows the bleakness of the children. The structures of the two poems contribute a lot to their purposes too; for example the iambic heptameter and relatively longer lines in Holy Thursday in Innocence informs the reader about the gravity of the matter being dealt with, whilst the short lines of the poem in Experience is more upfront about the bitter indignation it offers. The rhyming couplets in each verse of the poem in Innocence give a sense of the march of the children that is being depicted. As well as that, the plates paint a melancholic and authentic picture of the reality of the situation where in Innocence children are being lead by the beadles whereas victims of poverty are depicted in Experience. The latter plate gives a picture of dead children and their helpless mothers in horror at the sight of them. Consequently, if we look at the two plates together they imply that the beadles or establishment symbolically led the children to their death and suffering, which may be Blakes intention after all. In conclusion, through the exploration of these various sets of poems, a deeper understanding into Blakes critique of the social conditions and exploitation that are condoned by a supposed guardian of society, the Church, is evident. This is apparent through the blatant portrayal of suffering and darkness in the poems in Experience, most notably in London where the depths of despair is shown through the Marks of weakness, marks of woe. He emphasizes that this act of inducing misery on others by the Church is despicable through his numerous allusions towards it, mentioning that Every blackning Church appalls. As a result, it makes a bold and unashamed denigration of organized religion in the 18th century. However, due to the dualism and the binary opposites that Blake makes use of through the concept of contrary states, he is also able to form an ironic satire out of certain poems in Innocence to emphasis that children are easily exposed to the evils of the world so we as readers must look deeper and help the victims. This is apparent in the last line of Holy Thursday in Innocence: Then cherish pity, lest you drive an angel from your door where Blake attempts to tell the reader to be compassionate. The concept of dualism is with the intention that the extreme conditions can be laid out and the magnitude of the problem can be recognized, especially the social evils made possible and upheld by the Church, thus the reader can empathize with the victims. Therefore, it is possible that Blake merely aims to bring the harsh conditions to light whilst advising the reader to proceed to make a change to rid of the evils of the authoritarians. Functionalism and conflict: Sociological theories Functionalism and conflict: Sociological theories Sociology is a social science that studies society and the individual in perspective of Society. The origins of Sociology lie in the 19th century but during the 1960-70s, it became a major social science subject, taught in universities and colleges, and schools. The scope of sociology has only become more scientific with time. (Sociology Guide, no date) Sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies. It is a dazzling and compelling enterprise, having as its subject matter our own behavior as social beings. The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between individuals in the street up to the investigation of world-wide social processes. (Giddens cited on Sociology guide, 1989). Sociology enables to gain a better understanding on how the interaction among the society members works. Through the knowledge on sociology, we are able to improve our networking which is very useful and important for businesspeople. The study of sociology today focuses on three primary theoretical perspectives: the symbolic interactionist perspective, the functionalist perspective, and the conflict perspective. 1.2 Functionalism Functionalism views society as a system that is a set of interconnected parts which together form a whole (India, 2009). It emphasizes on the macro level of society and its various parts are understood mainly in term of their relationship to the whole. The founder, Emile Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes one of two forms: namely mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is a situation where people with similar vision and beliefs together achieve goal in the society. In contrast, organic solidarity said that although people in the society are interdependent they hold different values and beliefs. 1.3 Symbolic Interactionist Perspective The symbolic interactionist perspective, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other (Cliffsnotes, no date). According to this theory, people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols (Cliffsnotes, no date). Early Conflict Theory Conflict theory was introduced by a great German theorist and political activist, Karl Marx (1818-1883). The founder of this conflict mentioned that history of social life began from providing the basic necessities of life such as- food, clothing and shelter (McClelland, 2000).In order to survive in the danger, humans realize the need to work together to improve the social structure (Hatch and Cunfille,2006, p.28). Karl Marx insisted that all things with values in society are the contribution of labor through their engagement in creating the society for their own existence (McClelland, 2000). According to Marx, the society is divided into two classes, the bourgeoisie which is the owners of capital and the proletariat- the labors. Division of labor refers to breaking down of large jobs into many tiny components (Dhamee, 1995). Division of labors, therefore, leads to alienation that is the disenfranchising of workers from the product of their work efforts (Hatch and Cunfille, 2006, p.29). Labor, in fact, is defined as the cost of production rather than merely the means to achieve a collective benefit for the society (Hatch and Cunfille, 2006, p.29). It gives humans a purely instrumental relationship based on their economic value of potential to do work (Hatch and Cunfille, 2006, p.29). Therefore, when the capitalists accepted this alienation, exploitation will take place. As The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language (2000) cited in The Free Dictionary (no date), exploitation refers to the utilization of another person or group for selfish purposes. The central institution of a capitalist society is private property, the system where the capital owned by the dominant groups is controlled by the small minority of the population (McClelland, 2000). The major conflict is on whether which group should get the biggest share of profit. The owner of the land argued that they are entitled as they are the providers of the factors of production whereas the labor stressed that they are the involving in all production. Recent Conflict Theory 3.1 Max Weber Due to the weakness of Karl Marxs conflict theory which is too ideal, Max Weber reformulated the conflict theory and thus he is also known as bourgeois Marx (http://www.change.freeuk.com/learning/socthink/weber.html, no date). In the process of formulation, Weber concerned so much with testing, reassessing or developing Marxs ideas and thus, also known as the bourgeois Marx (Marxism: Structural Conflict Theory, no date) . From his study of the society, Weber went beyond ideas of Marx, for example, Weber focuses on the action in the social institution which is not the same as Marx and Durkheim who viewed the society as an object in itself (http://www.change.freeuk.com/learning/socthink/weber.html (no date). Although Weber agreed with Marxs view that class is economic in its origin, stratification in the opinion of Weber, includes also the consideration of status, power and political parties (Marxism: Structural Conflict Theory, no date). Weber (1924) cited in http://www.change.freeuk. com/learning/socthink/weber.html (no date) states that status is social estimation of labours and the development of seen lifestyles. According to Weber, conflict is occurring in any social relationship when an action within it is oriented intentionally to carrying out the actors own will against the resistance of the other party or parties (Henderson and Parsons, 1947). In the society today, communication has becoming an important cause of conflict. As defined in Websters dictionary, communication involves sending giving, or exchanging information and ideas, which is often expressed nonverbally and verbally (Relationship- with -self.com, no date). For non verbal communication, messages are expressed through facial gestures, body languages and the impression through dressing, body imaging and so on. Verbal communication, on the other hand, means expressing what is on ones mind through voicing out. 3.2 Communication: Government and Media The communication between government and media today has become an important focus and struggle in our society. Governments as the standing pillars of a country, plays a vital role in ruling and maintaining a country in a prosperous state. In order to maintain the harmony, fairness and truthfully are the keys to the stability. In other words, government should treat all the society in a same way and fair. Besides that, government may manage the economy in a good way, so the society can live in a wealthy environment. However, the written communication in Malaysia is implying that the status quo and special treatment of the dominant groups, the Malays cannot be questioned. For instance, Malays are better treated by government than other races. On the other view, the media plays an important role in delivering the governments message to the public. Therefore, nowadays, everyone gains current situation on politic, economy and so on through mess media such as television, radio and newspaper. People can know the actual situations or what is currently happen in the society through the news spread by media. However, media is highly dependent on government. The media is in deep dilemma as they want to spread the truth on the other side, while being controlled by government. Intentionally, government possesses power on the media in order to secure the public trust and to build a positive image of themselves for the public. To further elaborate, government restricts and control media not to spread out government scandal and only spread good or something that is benefit for government, The information needed by the media is so scarce. Therefore, media with limited resources to spread for society is required to obey governments laws and orders and since government is the minority that owns the information. Since media is depending on government to provide them information, government has the power to control and restrict what media can spread out to society. From the explanation above, we can see the interplay of conflict between government and media. The government whom possesses the resources is possesses the power as well. The Overlapping Between Early and Recent Conflict Theories The first overlapping is that both of the conflict theories emphasizes on economic factors. In the olden days, labor and capital are competing over resources. In the world today, labor and capital still exist. The terms just are slightly different. Labor in those days is todays employee. For example employees are competing for job advancement and position in an organization or company. The second overlapping between the early conflict and recent conflict theory is on the reason of occurring is due to scarcity. Bs relationship to A when A possesses something that B requires. For example, government got the power over media because government contains the information that media needs to be included in their newspaper, program and so on. Another example in US, many of the candidates are participating in filling the position of a president. But, it is rare. Only one person is entitled, in other words, it is scarce and thus leads to competition. Dependency increases when resources are important, scarce and non-substitutable. The third overlapping between early and recent conflict theory is inequality. For example in US, there is obviously inequality, the discrimination of the Black by the White. The white always been perceived as the dominant party. As defined in Dictionary.com (2010), discrimination is an act of treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit. The common discriminations are racial, gender and religious intolerance. Until today where the Black has becoming the president, the Black is still being treated as the lower class despite of the fact the situation is slightly improving. Conclusion In a nutshell, conflict theory is a theory that sees the society as a place with inequality which then leads to evolution and social change. In the early conflict theory, an investigation on social class in the free market economy was conducted. It emphasizes merely on the capitalist and the labor as the cause of inequality, which is too ideal. Therefore it leads to the reassessment of the conflict theory by Max Weber. Max Weber, being the supporter of bureaucracy, highlighted more detailed by stating that there are different types of capitalists and skills of labors are vary as well. From our discussion above, semi-struggle between government and media is unavoidable. In my view, conflicts resulted in positivity because it stresses on competition. In order to survive, people will strive to gain the limited resources which then consequence in the improvement of the society.

Community Wind Power And Institutional Arrangements Environmental Sciences Essay

The outgrowth of the job of scarceness of resources and the necessity to increase the sustainability of energy production has led to the development of different technological solutions and energy production systems. Wind energy can be considered an of import driver to forestall planetary heating by cut downing C emanations from electrical power coevals ( Sahin, 2004 ) . Furthermore wind turbine development is extremely distributed geographically and its potency still has to be exploited ( Archer et al. 2009 ) . Besides, we assist at a important addition of the demand for ‘micro-generation ‘ in urban and rural countries, in order to supply energy to isolated houses and as an option to the fuel monetary value addition ( Ibid, 2009 ) . Wind energy is safe, abundant and will probably represent an of import part to future clean, sustainable and diversified electricity supplies. Unlike other beginnings of energy, air current does non foul the ambiance and does non make any rel evant outwardness ( Sahin, 2004 ) . Consequently it is possible to anticipate that air current energy will lend significantly and on a planetary graduated table in work outing jobs such as clime alteration, the depletion of dodo fuel resources, every bit good as pollution ( Hoogwijk et al. , 2004 ; IEA, 2008 ) . Denmark stood out as one of the taking state in the field of air current energy production: the major portion of Danish air current turbines were purchased by the members of the local communities. Commercial investors or independent power manufacturers detains a comparatively little portion compared to other states. It is relevant to advert that community air current power has besides played a important function in Germany, Sweden, the Nederland and the UK. In this paper there is an effort to sum up the set of conditions and institutional variables that allowed the laterality of community wind power development instead than the commercial 1. Furthermore a treatment will follow about the characteristics of community air current power, the property-right governments and the characteristics of wind-rich countries as a populace or private good. For the intents of this paper community air current is defined as: locally owned substructure ( turbines ) to bring forth energy from air current, that is connected to the power grid and where one or more member of the local community have a important and direct interest in the undertaking ( Bolinger, 2004 ) . Continuing with the undermentioned subdivisions the reader will happen a brief historical overview of the air current energy sector in Europe and in peculiar in Denmark. The paper will go on supplying more inside informations about the features of the development public credence towards new tur bines undertakings in the Danish instance with a nexus to the alterations in the ownership forms. In the conclusive portion the characteristics of community air current will be discussed: are there relevant direction issues? Are at that place rivalry and excludability in the usage of the resource? Are wind turbines a common-pool resource? Through the comparing with the findings of the article written by Bolinger in 2004 some critical facets in the definition of wind-rich countries will be underlined.Some considerations on Wind EnergyWind energy is the fastest turning beginning of power coevals in Europe, consisting 40 % of all new electrical power capacity installed in the EU in 2008 ( EWEA, 2009 ) . Faced with energy crises in 1973 western states began to seek for clean and renewable energy beginnings like air current, solar or biomass. Besides, the pollution created by thermoelectric power workss and crude oil stuffs is dramatically polluting the atmospheric environment. Harmonizi ng to some bookmans, wind energy resources of Europe, are sufficient to fulfill all European ‘s electricity demand. Nowadays this will non be possible due to proficient restrictions to to the full use wind possible. Nevertheless elaborate surveies suggest that most states could cover between 10 % and 20 % of their entire demand of electricity utilizing air current turbines without any proficient alteration to the bing system ( Sahin 2004 ; Archer et al. , 2009 ) . As showed in Figure 1, during the last 20 old ages, air current energy has been object of an exponential growing. In add-on, its usage has been extended to industrial intents in some European states including Germany, Denmark and Spain ( Moller, 2008 ) .Figure: Global cumulative air current power capacity, 1990-2007 ( in MW ) . Source EWEA, 2008.Harmonizing to the informations provided by ewea in early 2004, about 70 % of the planetary air current power capacity resided in Europe. As indicated in Figure 1, in the suc ceeding old ages the comparative portion of European air current energy capacity is diminishing due to the installment of new turbines in the remainder of the universe, particularly in the United States. Traveling in inside informations in the European scenario, diffusion degrees in the electrical energy sector have reached 21 % in Denmark and approximately 7 % and 12 % in Germany and Spain severally ( ewea, 2004 ) . The infrastructural demands of air current power coevals are instead modest, while the possible direct benefits in employment are significantly high. About 90 % of the universe ‘s air current turbine makers are situated in Europe, with an aggregative one-year turnover of more than one billion Euros ( Sahin, 2004 ) . Figure: Technical development of air current turbines ( Garrad Hassan, 2001 ) The technological advancement of turbines design is a nucleus facet for the hereafter of air current energy production. Figure 2 outlines the betterments made from the 1980s, when turbines reached merely 15 metres, to the hereafter outlooks with estimate highs of more than 300 metres from the land. Sing that winds by and large increase with altitude above the land, the tallness of turbine ‘s wing profile will strongly act upon the generated power result. The following tabular array studies the variableness of air current velocity and specific power at different height.Table: Wind Speed and Specific Power at different Altitudes ( informations beginning: Archer et al. , 2009 )Height from Ground [ m ]Wind Speed [ m/s ]Specific Power [ W/mA? ]8007,2 205804,6 58103,3 22 Because of their copiousness, strength, and comparative doggedness, high height jet watercourse air currents are of peculiar involvement in air current power development. Despite periodic fluctuation, jet watercourses are instead relentless characteristics of the mid-latitudes in both hemispheres. Archer et Al. ( 2009 ) estimation that the entire air current energy that could be extracted from the jet watercourse is about 100 times the planetary energy demand. Several engineerings have been projected to work air current power at high heights. Most of them are still at an early phase of development: at the present clip some patents have been acquired by research groups but concern ventures or commercial-scale paradigms do non be. Besides high-level air current power engineering researches have non created any paradigm that has been tested long plenty to supply a changeless electricity coevals with associated cost effectivity ( Archer et al. , 2009 ) . Looking to the history of the instance of Denmark, a innovator state in air current energy development, three chief periods can be identified: slow growing of turbines ‘ figure until 1995, accelerated growing until 2001 and stagnancy and diminution since 2001 ( DEA, 2008 ) . This diminution after the millenary is ascribable to the increased impact on landscapes, the failure of the planning government and worse economic conditions due to the remotion of the fixed provender in duty ( Moller, 2008 ) . In add-on it is of import to advert that the presence of a strong domestic air current turbine fabrication industry has been an of import driver in Denmark. Sing the Danish instance, Moller summarize that â€Å" during the 25 old ages of air current energy enlargement the full circle has been made from alien, popular and welcome little graduated table option to everyday, progressively unpopular, and industrial graduated table development † . Actually the hereafter of air curre nt energy is seen off shore or related to the development of new engineerings ( Moller, 2008 ; Archer et al. , 2009 ) . In the undermentioned chapter of this paper the historical background of air current energy development in Denmark will be briefly summarized.Historical background of Wind energy in DenmarkThe history of air current energy development in Denmark is closely linked to several positive conditions: the beginnings of air current turbine fabrication were characterized by many little manufacturers, who were able to set up a competitory bunch of industries. In add-on good air current conditions, among the best in Europe, can be found on the West seashore and in the North West of the instead dumbly populated state ( Moller, 2010 ) . Get downing from the 1970s the development of air current energy in Denmark has gone through an incommensurable development, during which the engineering was pushed toward the more comfortable sector of the market and a series of be aftering systems were established ( Moller, 2010 ) . Until 1973 practically all of the electricity in Denmark was generated in big, centralized thermic power Stationss ( Hadjilambrinos, 2000 ) . Modern air current energy in Denmark has its turning point after the impact of the oil crises on the Danish energy system, farther stimulated by the anti-nuclear protests of that clip and by turning consciousness of the necessity of dependable supplies and renewable energy. Furthermore, the increasing political focal point on environmental protection and sustainable development provided the general model for the enlargement of the wind-energy sector ( Moller, 2010 ; Saidur et al. , 2010 ) . Denmark has been a leader state in the progress of modern air current powe r during the first portion of its commercial history. Then, after the transition from small-scale undertakings to a large-scale industry, it arrived to bring forth resistance from the society against new installings ( Hvelplund, 2006 ) . The Danish Energy Agency ( DEA ) study that, in the period 1970-1985, there was a little addition in Numberss of turbines, while workss tripled their generating capacity. Until the twelvemonth 2001 wind energy increased making adulthood in footings of measure and size. Besides, during the period subsequent the twelvemonth 2000, older installings have been removed after ended utile life-time and due to re-powering policies. Currently it has been noticed no farther enlargement in figure of turbines except for the hard-on of two big offshore undertakings. Another more recent tendency is that air current energy delivered to the power web is diminishing ( Moller, 2010 ; DEA, 2008 ) . A major driver to the decrease of the figure of new turbines was of economic character: the former fixed feed-in duty was abolished after the twelvemonth 2000, doing air current energy investings progressively dependent on unpredictable market monetary values ( Agnolucci, 2007 ) . Besides, after 2003, merely really few locations obtained be aftering permissions and sufficient economic feasibleness. Nowadays the poorer economic system of air current energy undertakings and the deficiency of planning grants for undertakings lead to an about complete deadlock of land based wind energy development in the Danish district. Merely few municipalities are now positive towards the building new land based undertakings and the location of new turbines is a sensitive issue in the public argument ( Moller, 2010 ) . It is of import to underscore that turbines development has come at a cost: ocular impact on valuable landscapes, socially inconvenient investings and erroneous ownership forms are amid the chief errors that have been made during the extremum of air current energy enlargement.Development of public credence in DenmarkWind energy in Denmark, as noted in the old subdivision, by and large relied in a high public credence ( Krohn and Damborg, 1999 ; Ladenburg, 2008 ) . One of the chief drivers to obtain public credence with a fast air current turbine development was ownership forms: Moller noticed that â€Å" public ordinance granted a proportion of the air current capacity to be erected by publically owned public-service corporations and, more significantly, statute law stimulated the formation of local air current energy co-ops with limited ownership of portions in air current turbine undertakings within occupants ‘ municipalities † . Thus, get downing from the twelvemonth 1994, local municipalities obliged to apportion zone for air current power development, for this ground most of Danish air current turbines are owned by one or more local occupants. This allow the distribution of income watercourses from air current energy sector to local communities. It is relevant to advert that the first association of air current turbine proprietors was formed on 4 May 1978, and the first air current turbine co-op was established in 1980. Public engagement and the economic engagement on equal footings increase significantly local credence ( Toke et Al. , 2008 ) . Wind energy planning regulations are another important factor when recognizing a undertaking, in Denmark planning regulations have evolved over clip. In the early old ages and during the class of the 1980s a planning mandate was given by local governments on simple distance regulations, which has led to turn up turbines in extremely seeable countries, nearby parts of natural attraction and scenic value. During the early 1990s force per unit area on landscapes grew and there was call for a nationally coordinated planning scheme. Restrictions came in topographic point delegating specific and sole countries where the air current turbines could be built. Municipal and regional governments began to develop repowering strategy to replace the old substructure and concentrate the new turbines in the selected locations. The new market ordinance for air current energy in the old ages after 2000 determined a perceptibly lower income and greater insecurity sing the net incomes of new air current energy undertakings. As already mentioned the chief driver was the terminal of the fixed feed-in duty in favour of market monetary values determined on the Nordic power market Nordpool plus a compensation for the decrease of CO2 ( Moller, 2010 ) . In the same period larger scale developments were progressively the portion of private investings instead than co-ops. As a effect the public argument was increasing its resistance and opposition against those big scale undertakings due to reduced engagement of the local community and to take down expected returns.Small Scale Wind Farms: Ownership FormsMany researches in the literature on the subject agree in the positive correlativity between public credence and community ownership ( Moller, 2010 ; Toke et Al. , 2008 and Walker, 2008 ) . In this chapter the reader ca n happen a brief overview of the different signifier of community ownership. There are many undertakings that involve community ownership, through fiscal investing or managerial control, and have achieved community engagement in different sums and in different ways ( Stamford, 2004 ) . Undertakings can be to the full community owned, or may be under co-owner-ship agreements with the private sector, for illustration when local community possesses one turbine in a larger air current farm. The generated energy can be introduced into the national grid instead than being used locally or can be both produced and consumed locally. There are different legal and fiscal theoretical accounts of ownership ; these include ( Walker, 2008 ) : Cooperatives. Persons or households in the local community become members of the co-op and purchase portions to finance the undertaking. Community charities. Normally are formed in one association with charitable standing that provides or manage installations for the local community, such as local associations which use renewable energy to heat or power their constructions. Development trusts. Represent communities ‘ involvements in income coevals houses, and in some instances include discrepancies of community belongings. Shares owned by a local community organisation. Local community organisation obtains portions in a concern undertaking ; in the instance of air current farms the gifting of one of more turbines to the local community. In some instances the community may hold a partial ownership therefore possesses merely limited rights to command or to influences in to determination devising. These different theoretical accounts raise of import inquiries as to who the ‘community ‘ is that may have or part-own an energy undertaking. Complications will originate when persons have no advantage from air current energy and protest against its development. Besides touristry is a viing usage for land, even though researches from Denmark have revealed that air current energy development may heighten the green image of a state ( Krohn and Damborg, 1999 ) . In general it is possible to reason that an inauspicious attitude towards wind energy development is frequently conveyed by persons without benefit from air current sector ( Moller, 2010 ) .Institutional agreements for the success of community wind power in Denmark.As pointed out in the old subdivisions Denmark stood out as one of the taking state in the fiel d of air current energy production: the major portion of Danish air current turbines were bought by members of the local communities. Commercial or independent power manufacturers own a comparatively little portion compared to other instances. It is relevant to advert that community air current power has besides played a important function in Germany, Sweden, the Nederland and the UK. In this chapter will be outlined the set of conditions and institutional variables that allowed the laterality of community wind power development instead than the commercial 1. As first measure some definitions will be provided to the reader in order to clear up the nomenclature that will be used throughout the following paragraphs. Hall and Taylor ( 1996 ) define establishments as formal or informal processs, modus operandis, norms and conventions embedded in the organisational construction of the civil order or political economic system. They can change from the regulations of a legal order or the standard operating processs of an disposal to the understandings that govern trade brotherhood actions or bank-enterprise dealingss. Toke et Al. ( 2008 ) use this definition to weave energy development as â€Å" decision-making constructions, signifiers of organisation of air current power, be aftering systems and norms and understandings, which underpin wind power policy and patterns † . Besides, for the intents of this paper, community air current is defined as: locally owned substructure ( turbines ) to bring forth energy from air current, that is conn ected to the power grid and where one or more member of the local community have a important and direct interest in the undertaking ( Bolinger, 2004 ) . The following tabular array outlines the institutional variables that permitted the development of the community wind energy sector in Denmark. It comprises several elements: Financial procurance system report the chief economic tool promoted by the authorities that assisted the energy manufacturers to guarantee a fiscal profitableness to the undertaking ; in the instance of Denmark a fixed monetary value was set by authorities for the electricity produced by air current turbines. Fiscal stableness indicates if the fiscal support was changeless over clip ; in the Danish instance the feed-in duty system terminated in the twelvemonth 2001. Economic Involvement highlight the chief ownership forms ; in Denmark local community and persons are the chief histrions involved in turbines undertakings.Table: Institutional Variables in Denmark ( Toke et al. , 2008 )VariableDanmarkFinancial procurance system ( chief type ) Feed in duty fixed monetary value for a given sum of electricity Fiscal stableness Stable ( until 2001 ) Economic Engagement Local private ownership Grassroots enterprises ( historical roots ) Local community anti-nuclear Grassroots ( related to dom. political relations ) Supported Grassroots initiatives points out the historical grounds and cases of society that fostered the development of air current energy sector ; the environmental and anti-nuclear motions in Denmark strongly supported air current turbines growing. Grassroots related to political issues underline if the national politicians supported wind energy ; the Danish authorities created a proper policy model and gave conspicuous fiscal support. The old treatment shows that community ownership contributed to heighten the development of air current energy in Europe. Precisely, community ownership has increased public credence of air current power, allowed to bring forth benefits for different histrions, improved the fabrication industry, and provided a big and comparatively low-priced beginning of capital to finance air current energy undertakings. For case, feed-in Torahs that give air current power electricity an extra premium monetary values have created available, solid, and profitable markets for community air current undertakings in Denmark ( Cohen, 2001 ) . Feed-in duties provided long-standing gross certainty with comparatively low dealing costs. Presents, Denmark is the universe ‘s largest air current power manufacturer and besides leads the rankings with the highest portion of electricity provided from air current turbines in the universe ( Stamford, 2004 ) . Stamford references besides that Denmark â€Å" has the largest installed offshore capacity in the universe and is characterized by a history of strong research and development ( R & A ; D ) support, capital subsidies and strong community inducements † .Discussion and DecisionThroughout this paper the historical conditions that allowed the success of community air current development have been outlined. In peculiar community ownership has increased public credence of air current power, allowed to bring forth benefits for different histrions, improved the fabrication industry, and provided a big and comparatively low-priced beginning of capital to finance air current energy undertakings. In this reasoning portion there is a treatment about the characteristics of community wind power related to property-right governments and the characteristics of wind-rich countries as a populace or private good. Bolinger ( 2004 ) argues that â€Å" weave energy can be considered a public good, or a parks, even in the classical sense † . A figure of conditions have to be satisfied: Communities obtain net income from air current farms normally pull offing and using wind-rich countries, which are used for intents that are suited to weave turbine development, such as agribusiness or fringy land. Another characteristic of a parks is the scarceness of a resource, in the instance of air current energy there are a limited figure of wind-rich locations. Besides, air current energy shows turning costs of development with increasing sums of resources used. A proper direction is needed in order to avoid land debasement or struggle when there is a common usage of fringy lands. Land is a limited resource and direction becomes a necessity to keep productiveness. Therefore it is clear that land with a good air current government is a limited resource, which can bring forth grosss to a local community if decently planned and managed. In the instance of Denmark local community is the chief stakeholder that use wind resources to make local income, maintain landscape values and contribute to sustainable energy supply of future coevalss. Analyzing the belongings rights government of community wind it is apparent that, for wind-rich countries, excludability ( or control of entree ) exists ; in other words wind-rich countries have boundaries. Besides, the resource is held by an identifiable community of independent users ( E.g. Danish municipality ) . These users exclude foreigners while modulating usage by members of the community. Subtractability ( or competition ) is the beginning of the possible divergency between single and corporate reason that means, if each user is capable of deducting from the public assistance of other users ( Feeny, 1990 ) . Sing a air current farm we notice that the velocity of air current lessening when it base on balls by a turbine ‘s spiral. In pattern this means that a limited sum of turbines can be installed in order to avoid competition between users. Bolinger ( 2004 ) in his article defines air current as a public good and examines the possibility of over-utilization from a local community of its wind-rich countries and argues that â€Å" there will non be a direct debasement of land that threatens future air current power coevals. The sick consequence of over-utilization will be that landscapes themselves acquire degraded visually † . This is contrast with the old decisions: the characteristics of wind-rich countries ( excludability and competition ) suggest sorting air current energy as a private good or nine good in some instance where competition is limited ( E.g. offshore wind farms ) ; furthermore the over-utilization may take to a direct lessening of the air current energy coevals potency and to conflict between users. The whole scope of factors that have been outlined point out the importance of the proper direction of air current energy with the engagement of the community. Wind sector has a immense development potency for the hereafter is safe, abundant and will probably represent an of import part to clean, sustainable and diversified electricity supplies. As already mentioned it is to anticipate that air current energy will lend significantly and on a planetary graduated table in work outing jobs such as clime alteration, the depletion of dodo fuel resources, every bit good as pollution ( Hoogwijk et al. , 2004 ; IEA, 2008 ) .

Proc Report Secreates

PharmaSUG 2012 – Paper TF20-SAS PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software Allison McMahill Booth, SAS Institute Inc. , Cary, NC, USA ABSTRACT Have you ever wondered why a numeric variable is referenced in different forms within a COMPUTE block? Do you know the difference between a DATA step variable and a variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement? Then, this paper is for you! Welcome to PROC REPORT Unwrapped. We are looking at PROC REPORT and uncovering some of the behind-the-scenes details about this classic procedure.We will explore the components associated with PROC REPORT and discover ways to move column headings and change default attributes with styles and CALL DEFINE statements. We will also dig deep into example code and explore the new ability to use multilabel formatting for creating subgroup combinations. So for anyone who has ever written PROC REPORT code, stay tuned. It's PROC REPORT Unwr apped! INTRODUCTION Which popular SAS procedure has features of the PRINT, MEANS, and TABULATE procedures and features of the DATA step in a single report-writing tool?It enables you to create a variety of reports including a detail report, which contains a row of data for every input data set observation, or a summary report, which consolidates data so that each row represents multiple input data set observations. Here is another hint: this same procedure provides the ability to create both default and customized summaries, add text and statistics, and create columns of data that do not exist in the input data set. If you guessed PROC REPORT, you are correct!For anyone who has written PROC REPORT code and has wondered what is going on behind the scenes, this is the paper for you. This paper explores some of the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT. We will dig deep into example code as we begin to uncover some of the details of this classic report-writing procedure. As a bonus, you will discover some facts about the REPORT procedure that you might not have known. By the way, the code output in this paper is based on the SAS ® 9. 3 default output destination of HTML. Although most of the paper ontent can also be applied to the LISTING destination, the code that is shown in this paper is intended to be used in an Output Delivery System (ODS) destination, unless otherwise indicated. With that being said†¦are you ready to explore? Welcome to PROC REPORT Unwrapped! EXPLORING THE SECRETS (HOW IT’S MADE) PROC REPORT first began life as a procedure many years ago in SAS ® 6. Since then, it has been gaining popularity as the tool of choice for report writing. Even with such popularity, there are still aspects of the REPORT procedure that can be further explored.In this segment, we will unwrap and explore some of the secrets behind this most popular procedure with a focus on the following components: ? referencing a numeric variable in a COMPUTE blo ck ? exploring the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable ? discovering ways to move column headings ? changing default attributes with styles ? using the CALL DEFINE statement ? exploring the new ability in SAS 9. 3 to use multilabel formatting for creating subgroup combinations Let’s start exploring the secrets! REFERENCING A NUMERIC VARIABLE IN A COMPUTE BLOCKAll numeric variables are referenced the same way, right? Well, that depends on how the numeric variable is defined in the PROC REPORT DEFINE statement. Before we can explore more about the how a numeric variable is defined, we first need to understand some PROC REPORT basics. Then we will explore the many ways a numeric variable 1 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued can be defined in the DEFINE statement and how that definition determines the manner in which the variable is referenced in a COMPUTE bl ock.In the PROC REPORT statement, the input data set is listed using the option DATA= . If the DATA= option is not specified, PROC REPORT will use the last data set that was created in the current SAS session. The input data set contains variables and observations. The variables are categorized as either character or numeric— that is it, character or numeric. PROC REPORT does not use all of the variables from the input data set. Only the input data set variables that are listed in the COLUMN statement or in the BY statement are used.All of the report items, including the variables from the input data set that are listed in the COLUMN statement can be used in a COMPUTE block. Each report item in the COLUMN statement has an associated DEFINE statement. If a DEFINE statement for the report item is not supplied, PROC REPORT will create a default DEFINE statement behind the scenes. If a COLUMN statement is not specified, PROC REPORT will create a COLUMN statement behind the scenes . The COLUMN statement will contain only the variables from the input data set in the order of the data set.DEFINE statements can be supplied without a supplied COLUMN statement. The minimum statements that are needed to run PROC REPORT are a PROC REPORT statement with an input data set and a RUN statement. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will create all the necessary minimum default statements. To see the default statements, add the LIST option in the PROC REPORT statement. The LIST option will produce the basic code, including all of the DEFINE statements, in the SAS log. The NOWD option enables the report to run in the non-windowing mode.Here is an example of PROC REPORT code with the LIST option: proc report data=sashelp. class nowd list; run; The SAS log is shown in Output 1. Output 1. SAS Log Output By default, the DEFINE statement for a numeric input data set variable that is listed in the COLUMN statement will be associated with the SUM statistic. An alias for the SUM statist ic is ANALYSIS. The SUM statistic is the most common statistic that is used in PROC REPORT code. The SUM statistic can be replaced with any valid PROC REPORT statistic such as MIN or MEAN.At BREAK and RBREAK rows, the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic will consolidate automatically based on the associated statistic. When a numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the form of the variable-name. statistic is used. In a COMPUTE block, if a numeric input data set variable name is used without the corresponding statistic (which is the statistic listed in the DEFINE statement), a note might be written to the SAS log. The following code will produce a note in the SAS log: roc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age height weight total; define age / group; define height–weight/ mean; define total / computed; compute total; total=height. mean/weight; endcomp; run; 2 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the S ecrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued In the preceding code, the DEFINE statement for the WEIGHT variable lists MEAN as the statistic. The calculation in the COMPUTE TOTAL block for the TOTAL COMPUTED variable shows the WEIGHT variable without the statistic of MEAN.PROC REPORT requires this statistic and does not recognize the WEIGHT variable. A note, such as the following, is produced in the SAS log: NOTE: Variable weight is uninitialized. PROC REPORT allows duplication of report items in the COLUMN statement. This duplicated report item becomes an alias. When an alias of the numeric input data set variable is referenced in a COMPUTE block, the alias name is used without the associated statistic. Behind the scenes, any duplication of the same variable or statistic in the COLUMN statement will be associated with an alias name.If an alias name is not specified, PROC REPORT will create one. To see the assigned alias name, add the LIST opt ion to the PROC REPORT statement and review the SAS log for the code. Using the preceding code in this section, the HEIGHT variable is duplicated in the COLUMN statement as follows: col age height height weight total; The resulting SAS log is shown in Output 2. Output 2. SAS Log Output Showing an Alias Name of _A1 Assigned behind the Scenes When the numeric input data set variable with an associated statistic is associated with an across variable, the column number, in the form of Cn_, is used in a COMPUTE block. In the form of _Cn_, n is the column number. The position of the columns shown in the output report is based on the left-to-right placement of the report-items in the COLUMN statement. For example, if a numeric variable with an associated statistic is placed as the first column under the ACROSS grouping but it is the second column in the output report, _C2_ is the correct value to use in a COMPUTE block. Behind the scenes, all columns are considered to have a column number even if the column is not printed in the final output report.Here is an example COLUMN statement: col sex age, (weight height); In this column statement, the first value of the WEIGHT variable is in the second column in the report. AGE is an across variable and is not counted as a column. The first column of the WEIGHT variable is associated with the first value of AGE and is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C2_. The next column of the WEIGHT variable that is associated with the second value of AGE is referenced in a COMPUTE block as _C4_. Each unique value of the across variable becomes a header.Under each ACROSS header are the columns of variables that are associated with each unique across variable value. Each variable associated with an across variable becomes a column under the unique variable value. The number of unique values of an across variable controls the number of columns that are created for a variable associated with the across variable from the COLUMN statement. Beh ind the scenes, PROC REPORT has to know the specific column placement of a variable that is referenced in a COMPUTE block. The _Cn_ is used instead of the variable-name. statistic, the alias name, or the variable name. PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued The following example code shows this concept: proc report nowd data=sashelp. class list; col age sex, (weight height total); define age / group; define sex / across; define height–weight/ sum format=8. 2; define total / computed format=8. 2; compute total; _c4_=_c2_/_c3_; _c7_=_c5_/_c6_; endcomp; run; The COMPUTE TOTAL block shows two assignment statements. Each assignment corresponds to a column of WEIGHT, HEIGHT, and TOTAL for each unique value of the across variable SEX.The resulting output is shown in Output 3. Output 3. Output Using _Cn_ in the COMPUTE TOTAL Calculations A numeric input data set variable can also be defined as DISPLAY , GROUP, ORDER, or COMPUTED. Because there is no statistic associated with these definitions, the numeric input data set variable name is used in a COMPUTE block. Regardless of the definition, the numeric report-item can still be used in any computation. However, for GROUP or ORDER definitions, behind the scenes the values are evaluated from the printed output report instead of the input data.This means that if the ORDER or GROUP defined variable for a particular row and column shows as a blank on the printed output report, a blank is the value that will be used for any computation or evaluation. The following code shows three different methods for assigning the value of the ORDER variable AGE to a COMPUTED variable. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age newage1 newage2 newage3; define age / order; define newage1 / computed; define newage2 / computed; define newage3 / computed; /* method 1 */ compute newage1; newage1=age*1. 5; endcomp; /* method 2 */ ompute newage2; if age n e . then hold_age=age; newage2=hold_age*1. 5; endcomp; /* method 3 */ compute before age; before_age=age; endcomp; compute newage3; newage3=before_age*1. 5; endcomp; run; 4 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued In the first method, the value for NEWAGE1 will contain a value only when AGE has a value for the same row. In the second method, the value of NEWAGE2 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable HOLD_AGE.In the third method, the value of NEWAGE3 will contain a value for every row because it is obtaining a value from the DATA step variable BEFORE_AGE. The DATA step variable is created in the COMPUTE BEFORE AGE block. Behind the scenes, a DATA step variable changes values only through the code instructions. Also, behind the scenes, GROUP and ORDER numeric input data set variables are internally set to a blank in the printed output report at the RBREAK level. A COMPUTE AFTER block with an assignment statement for a numeric GROUP or ORDER variable at the RBREAK level will be ignored.A DISPLAY is always set to a blank at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. If you are routing the report output to an ODS destination, using a COMPUTE block CALL DEFINE statement with the STYLE attribute name and a style option that will accept text, such as PRETEXT=, is a way to override the blank values. A COLUMN STATEMENT VARIABLE VERSUS A DATA STEP VARIABLE PROC REPORT creates a column type of output report based on the variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statement. Any variable from the input data set that is to be used as a report column or used in a COMPUTE block has to be listed in the COLUMN statement.The placement of the report items, variables, and statistics in the COLUMN statement is very important. PROC REPORT reads and processes the report items from the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right, top-to-bottom direction. Until the rep ort item is processed, it will be initialized to missing for numeric variables and blank for character variables. Once the entire COLUMN statement report-items are processed for a row, PROC REPORT reinitializes all of the report-items back to missing for numeric and blank for character variables.Then PROC REPORT begins the process all over again for the next row of data by processing the report items in the COLUMN statement in a left-to-right direction. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT consolidates all the input data set variables and statistics listed in the COLUMN statements for the execution of RBREAK BEFORE and BREAK BEFORE statements. For example, the RBREAK, meaning the report break, in the following code is calculated first: proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col sex age,(height weight); define age / group; define height / min format=8. 2 ‘Height min'; efine weight / max format=8. 2 ‘Weight max'; rbreak before / summarize; run; The output is shown in Output 4. Ou tput 4. PROC REPORT Output Showing the RBREAK Values COMPUTE blocks are also sensitive to the placement of the variables and statistics in the COLUMN statement. As PROC REPORT processes the report-items in a left-to-right direction, any associated COMPUTE blocks are also processed in the same order. This means that in a COMPUTE block that is based on a COLUMN statement reportitem, any referenced variable or statistic to the right of the COMPUTE block variable is missing.Simply put, PROC REPORT does not know about any report-item that is to the right of the COMPUTE block variable in the COLUMN statement. A DATA step variable, also referred to as a temporary variable, is different from the COLUMN statement variable. A DATA step variable is created and used in a COMPUTE block. It is not part of the COLUMN statement. The value of the DATA step variable comes directly from the code in a COMPUTE block. DATA step variables are often used in IF statements when there is a comparison of the c urrent row value to that of the value in the DATA step variable.PROC REPORT recomputes a COMPUTED variable value at every row, including at the BREAK and RBREAK rows. Values are not accumulated. An accumulated value can be calculated quickly using a DATA step variable in a 5 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued COMPUTE block because the value changes through the code only. Behind the scenes, DATA step variables used to accumulate values also include values at the BREAK and RBREAK levels. Adding an IF statement to check the value of the _BREAK_ automatic variable will help control when the accumulations takes place.In the following code, the computed variable TOTAL_AGE is the sum of two variables from the COLUMN statement. ACCUM_AGE is the accumulated value of AGE stored in the DATA step variable TEMP_AGE. proc report nowd data=sashelp. class; col age total_age accum_age height weight; define age / group; define height / min format=8. 2 ‘Height min'; define weight / max format=8. 2 ‘Weight max'; define total_age / computed; define accum_age / computed; compute total_age; if _break_ eq ‘ ‘ then total_age+age; endcomp; compute accum_age; if _break_ eq ‘ ‘ then temp_age+age; accum_age=temp_age; endcomp; break after / summarize; run; The output is shown in Output 5. Output 5. Comparison of the TOTAL_AGE Column and the ACCUM_AGE Column Notice the difference between the TOTAL_AGE column and the ACCUM_AGE column in Output 5. The TOTAL_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row so that the values are not accumulated. The ACCUM_AGE and AGE values are reinitialized for every row but the TEMP_AGE value is not. TEMP_AGE is a DATA step variable and is not listed in the COLUMN statement. The result is an accumulated column for ACCUM_AGE. The _BREAK_ automatic variable will be blank for detail rows.A quick way to determine the value of a _BREAK_ va riable value is to create an output data set with the OUT= option in the PROC REPORT statement and examine the _BREAK_ values in the output data set. DISCOVERING WAYS TO MOVE COLUMN HEADERS By default, the column heading values come from the label in the DEFINE statement. If you do not specifically specify a label in your code either in the DEFINE statement or through a LABEL statement, add the LIST option to the PROC REPORT statement, submit your code, and look at the code that is created in the SAS log.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT will generate the default values it needs to create the output report. One of the default values is the label specified in the DEFINE statement. All of the column headings from the label option in the DEFINE statement span over a single column with one exception, variables that are defined as across variables. A column heading for an across variable can span over multiple columns. In the COLUMN statement, a comma after the across variable indicates whi ch variable or group of variables are associated with the across variable.An example of PROC REPORT code containing an across variable is shown below: 6 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued title ‘Default Column Headers'; proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes; column Region Product,Sales; define Region / group format= $25. â€Å"Region†; define Product / across format= $14. â€Å"Product†; define Sales / sum format= DOLLAR12. â€Å"Total Sales†; run; Output 6 shows the PROC REPORT example output. Output 6.Default Column Heading with an Across Label Spanning over Multiple Columns Behind the scenes, each unique value of an across variable is transposed from a column to a row. The row data is not available for any further processing within the code as it now becomes a column heading. In Output 6, each value of Product becomes a column with the Product value as the column head ing. Under each Product column heading value is the Sales variable column heading and data for the particular Product value. The heading label Total Sales for every column is redundant.The output report would look better if Total Sales were removed from under the Product column heading and placed above the Product column headings. PROC REPORT provides a way to add column heading information that can span over multiple columns by using a SPANNED HEADER. The SPANNED HEADER is used in the COLUMN statement in this way: column (‘spanned header text' variable-list)†¦; The following example code shows three different methods for using the DEFINE statement and SPANNED HEADERS for creating the column heading: proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split='*'; olumn region (‘(1)Total Sales' ‘(1)Product' ‘(2)Total Sales*(2)Product' product, sales); define region / group format= $25. â€Å"Region†; define product / across format= $14. â€Å"(3)Total Sales† â€Å"(3)Product† ; define sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. † † ; run; You can mix and match the methods. There is no best practice for using each method. The method that you choose depends on the look that you want for the column heading. The output is shown in Output 7. 7 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued Output 7. Moved Column Headings from Different MethodsThe three different methods are numbered in the example code and the output shown in Output 7: method (1) uses multiple SPANNED HEADER text; method (2) uses SPANNED HEADER text with the PROC REPORT SPLIT= character of * to force the text to continue on the next row; method (3) uses multiple labels in the DEFINE statement (you can also use a split character here). Let’s choose method (1) for the column heading and move the column heading to the top row. You can remove the label from the DEFINE statement by replacing the Region text with a blank â€Å" â€Å" and moving the Region text to a SPANNED HEADER in the COLUMN statement.There are three rows of headers. This means that the text of Region will need to be pushed up to the top row. You can do this by adding blank SPANNED HEADER text after the Region text in the COLUMN statement. Here is the modified PROC REPORT code with method (1) and the column heading text of Region: proc report nowd data=sashelp. shoes split='*'; column (‘Region' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ Region) (‘Total Sales' ‘Product' Product , Sales); define Region / group format= $25. † † ; define Product / across format= $14. † † ; define Sales / sum format=DOLLAR12. † † ; run; Output 8 shows the output. Output 8.Moving Column Headings Using Blank SPANNED HEADERS Behind the scenes, when there is a blank header row and the output is routed to an ODS destination, the blank row is removed automatically. Thi s does not affect the LISTING output. If you want to preserve the blank row, change the blank label on one of the DEFINE statements that is not an across variable to some value. Then add a style 8 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued statement for the header, assigning the foreground color to the background color.For example, if your column heading background is purple, then the style statement for the DEFINE statement would look something like this: style(header)=[background=purple foreground=purple] With the background and the foreground assigned to the same color, any text in the label will blend into the background color. CHANGING DEFAULT ATTRIBUTES WITH STYLES Beginning with SAS 9. 3, the default output destination is HTML. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT is using the HTMLBLUE style. All the output in this paper all uses this default destination. What if you are not fond of the HTMLBLUE style?T hen, what do you do if you want to change the default style of your output report? If you want to change the style of HTMLBLUE to another style that is supplied in the Sashelp. Tmplmst template store, you can run the following code to create a list of all the styles that are available: proc template; list styles; run; You can apply the styles by adding an ODS statement with the specified style before the PROC REPORT statement. For example, if you want to use the FESTIVAL style instead of the default HTMLBLUE style, the ODS statement would look similar to this: ods html style=festival;PROC REPORT also provides the ability to change the styles of the different report locations. Here are the style location values and a description for each that indicates which part of the report is affected: ? ? ? ? ? ? REPORT—the report as a whole HEADER|HDR—the column headings COLUMN—the column cells LINES—the lines generated by LINE statements SUMMARY—the summary r ows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements CALLDEF—the cells identified by a CALL DEFINE statement All of the style locations are valid in the PROC REPORT statement. These styles apply to the entire location that is specified.The style locations can also be combined if the same attribute is being applied to multiple locations. This is the correct syntax: style= The following code shows how to apply the styles in the PROC REPORT statement: ods html style=festival; title ‘Styles on the PROC REPORT statement'; proc report nowd data=sashelp. class(obs=5) split='*' style(report)=[outputwidth=7in] style(column)=[background=lavender] style(header)=[foreground=green] style(summary)=[background=purple foreground=white] style(lines)=[background=lime] style(calldef)=[background=yellow foreground=black]; olumn name age sex weight height; define name / display; define age / order; define sex / display; define height–weight / sum; break after age / summarize; rbreak after / summarize; compute before; line ‘this is the beginning'; endcomp; 9 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued compute age; if _break_ ne ‘ ‘ then call define(‘age','style','style=[pretext=†total†]'); endcomp; run; The STYLE options in the preceding PROC REPORT statement are formatting the output in this way: ? ? ? style(report) sets the report output width to 7 inches. style(column) sets the background for all of the columns to lavender. style(header) applies a green foreground to all of the headers. style(summary) sets all of the summary rows created from BREAK and RBREAK statements with a ? ? style(lines) sets the line statements to a background of lime. style(calldef) sets the foreground to black and background to yellow for the CALL DEFINE locations. background of purple and a foreground of white. The resulting report output is shown in Output 9.Output 9. Changing Default Styles in the PROC REPORT Statement The DEFINE statement supports two types of styles: STYLE(COLUMN) and STYLE(HEADER). STYLE(COLUMN) applies to the entire column but will not override any styles that are applied to other locations in the column. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the DEFINE statement for the NAME variable that creates the Name column like this: define name / display style(column header)=[background=plum]; The background of the HEADER and COLUMN locations for the NAME variable is set to plum.Because styles were applied already to the SUMMARY location, only the header and detail cells for the NAME column are changed to plum. A CALL DEFINE statement is used to override the SUMMARY style for the NAME column. The CALL DEFINE statement is discussed more in the next section. Output 10 is the resulting report output. Output 10. Changing the Default Styles for the NAME Column Using a DEFINE Statement 10 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued The BREAK and RBREAK statements support style changes for summary lines, customized lines, or both.A summary line is created from the BREAK or RBREAK statements. A customized line is created from a LINE statement within a COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER COMPUTE block. The is a break-variable that is defined as either GROUP or ORDER or the _PAGE_ location. A style on the BREAK and RBREAK statements will not override a cell style that is created by a CALL DEFINE statement or the STYLE(CALLDEF) option in the PROC REPORT statement. A CALL DEFINE statement will be used to make the style changes in this case. Using the same code in this section, you can modify the RBREAK statement like this: break after / summarize style=[background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold]; The COMPUTE BEFORE or a COMPUTE AFTER supports a style option in the COMPUTE statement. A forward slash ‘/’ precedes the style option in the COMPUTE statement. The style option only applies to the LINE statement and will override any previous STYLE(LINES) requests. The style applies to all of the LINE statements within the COMPUTE block. Using the code from this section, a COMPUTE AFTER AGE block is added to show a style modification to the foreground of the LINE statement output. ompute after age/ style=[foreground=red]; line ‘ this is after age'; endcomp; A CALL DEFINE is a statement within a COMPUTE block. To change a style using a CALL DEFINE statement, the STYLE attribute is specified for the attribute-name and the style option is specified as the value. The following is the syntax for a CALL DEFINE statement: call define (column-id | _ROW_ , ‘attribute-name', value); Here is the code with all of the style modifications: ods html style=festival; title ‘Changing Default Attributes with Styles'; proc report nowd data=sashelp. lass(obs=5) split='*' style(report)=[outputwidth=7in] style( column)=[background=lavender] style(header)=[foreground=green] style(summary)=[background=purple foreground=white] style(lines)=[background=lime] style(calldef)=[background=yellow foreground=black]; column name age sex weight height; define name / display style(column header)=[background=plum]; define age / order; define sex / display; define height–weight / sum; break after age / summarize; rbreak after / summarize style=[background=pink foreground=black font_weight=bold]; ompute before; line ‘this is the beginning'; endcomp; compute age; if _break_ ne ‘ ‘ then call define(‘age','style','style=[pretext=†total†]'); endcomp; compute after age/ style=[foreground=red]; line ‘ this is after age'; endcomp; run; The updated output is shown in Output 11. 11 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued Output 11. Final Report Output with Changes to Default Attribute s Using Style Options You also can change styles by using inline formatting.Inline formatting is a feature of the Output Delivery System that enables you to insert simple formatting text into ODS output by using the ODS ESCAPECHAR statement. For example, here is a TITLE statement and the resulting output: title ‘This is ^{style [color=red font_weight=bold] RED}'; This is RED The inline formatting in the TITLE statement changes the text of RED to the color of red. The caret (^) in the TITLE statement is the declared ODS ESCAPECHAR. The ODS ESCAPECHAR statement has to be submitted before any inline formatting will take place.The caret (^) can be any unique character that would not normally be in your code. USING THE CALL DEFINE STATEMENT The previous section discussed using the CALL DEFINE statement as a way to change a style by specifying the STYLE attribute for the attribute-name and the STYLE= option for the value. As mentioned earlier, this is the syntax for the CALL DEFINE statement: call define (column-id | _ROW_ , ‘attribute-name', value); The column-id is the column name or the column number. The column-id can be specified as one of the following: ? ? ? ? ? ? a character literal (in quotation marks) that is the column name a character xpression that resolves to the column name a numeric literal that is the column number a numeric expression that resolves to the column number a name of the form _Cn_, where n is the column number the automatic variable _COL_, which identifies the column that contains the report-item to which the compute block is attached _ROW_ is an automatic variable that indicates that the value is to be applied to the entire row. Currently, the _ROW_ variable is applicable only with the STYLE attribute name. Behind the scenes, all of the COLUMN statement report-items are used to create the report.The columns created from the COLUMN statement report-items are placed in the same order, left to right. Each created column has a column number, beginning with ‘1’ for the left-most column on the report. All report-items have a column number, even if there are NOZERO, NOPRINT, and COMPLETECOLS options specified, because these options are applied after the report is created in memory. The following code shows the column number: 12 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued data test; nput type $ color $ counter; cards; aaa purple 1 aaa orange 1 bbb purple 2 ccc orange 2 ; run; proc report nowd data=test missing ; col counter type,color,counter=num; define counter / group ‘ ‘; define type / across ‘ ‘; define color / across ‘ ‘; define num / sum ‘ ‘ nozero; compute num; call define(4,'style','style=[background=purple]'); endcomp; run; Output 12 shows the output. Output12. PROC REPORT Output with the Incorrect Column Number Used in a CALL DEFINE Statement In the code above, the CALL DEFINE statement applies a purple background to the fourth column.There is a NOZERO option in the DEFINE statement for NUM, which instructs the report to not print that column if all the column values are zero or missing. By adding the SHOWALL option to the PROC REPORT statement and resubmitting the code, the resulting output in Output 13 shows the fourth column with a purple background. The SHOWALL option displays all of the NOPRINT option and NOZERO option columns in the output report. This option, with the LIST option, is good to use when debugging PROC REPORT code. proc report nowd data=test missing showall; Output 13.Resulting Output When the SHOWALL Option Is Applied to the PROC REPORT Statement If the intention is to change the background of the fourth column that is shown in Output 13, then here is the correct CALL DEFINE statement: call define(5,'style','style=[background=purple]'); There is no limit to the number of CALL DEFINE statements that can be used in a COM PUTE block. If there are duplicate styles that need to be applied to different cells, you might want to consider consolidating the CALL DEFINE statements. Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT calls on the SAS DATA step compiler when a COMPUTE block is used.Most of the SAS DATA step code functionally is available to you when you create code for a COMPUTE block. One consolidation technique is to use a DO loop with a CALL DEFINE to loop through the column number to apply a style. Using the code in this section, here is a modification to the COMPUTE NUM block: 13 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued compute num; call define(_row_,'style','style=[background=wheat]'); do purple_column= 3 to 5 by 2; call define(purple_column,'style','style=[background=purple foreground=white font_weight=bold]'); end; ndcomp; The output is shown in Output 14. Output 14. Output Using Modified Code from the COMPUTE NUM Block We ha ve seen examples of using the attribute name of STYLE. There are other attribute names that can be used. For example, if you want to make the contents of each cell a link to a specified Uniform Resource Locator (URL), you can use the URL attribute as the attribute-name and the link as the value. Before ODS, and yes, there was a time before ODS, there was the Output Window (known now as the LISTING destination). The only attribute that is specified in a CALL DEFINE statement for use in the Output Window is the  ®FORMAT attribute. Once ODS was introduced in SAS 7, the ability to use the FORMAT attribute included all output destinations. _ROW_ cannot be used when the FORMAT attribute name is specified in the CALL DEFINE statement. The best use of the FORMAT attribute can be illustrated by using the output from a PROC MEANS using the default statistics. The following PROC MEANS code creates an output data set and a PROC PRINT to print the output: proc means data=sashelp. class nway; w here age=15; class age; var weight height; output out=means_output; run; proc print; run; The output is shown in Output 15.Output 15. PROC PRINT Output In looking at the output in Output 15, it really does not make sense for the N statistic for the WEIGHT and HEIGHT variables to have decimals. PROC REPORT allows an easy way to change the format for these two cells by using the CALL DEFINE statement within a COMPUTE block. The following PROC REPORT shows the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute. 14 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued proc report nowd data=means_output; col age _stat_ weight height; define age / order; efine _stat_ / display; define weight / sum format=8. 2; define height / sum format=8. 2; compute height; if _stat_='N' then do; call define(‘Weight. sum','format','8. ‘); call define(‘Height. sum','format','8. ‘); end; endcomp; run; The results are shown in O utput 16. Output 16. PROC REPORT Output with a Cell Format Change The first row under the headers in Output 16 shows the N statistic for both the WEIGHT and HEIGHT columns without decimals. Any time there is a need to change the format of a cell within a column, the CALL DEFINE with the FORMAT attribute is the best method to use.The other choice would be to create a computed character variable version of the value with the desired format. But what fun would that be? EXPLORING MULTILABEL FORMATTING TO CREATE SUBGROUP COMBINATIONS You might be asking yourself, what is multilabel formatting? Admittedly, the concept of multilabel formatting baffled me at first. I knew other procedures such as PROC TABULATE and PROC MEANS worked with multilabel formatting, and therefore could not envision it with PROC REPORT. Multilabel formatting enables PROC REPORT to use a format label or labels for a given range or overlapping ranges to create a combination of subgroups.The multilabel formats are app lied to either group or across variables. It was not until I had a scenario where I needed to create a report with various subgroupings that I began to appreciate using multilabel formatting. Unfortunately, because multilabel formatting was not available for PROC REPORT in the version of SAS that I was using, my only choice was to slice and dice the data prior to the PROC REPORT step. Multilabel formatting is new for PROC REPORT in SAS 9. 3. The multilabel format is created with PROC FORMAT. The option of multilabel within parentheses is applied to the VALUE statement after the format name.A syntax error, such as the following, will occur in the SAS log if the multilabel option is added without the parentheses: ERROR 22-322: Syntax error, expecting one of the following: a quoted string, a numeric constant, a datetime constant, a missing value, ;, (, LOW, OTHER. ERROR 202-322: The option or parameter is not recognized and will be ignored. If there are overlapping ranges on the labels of the VALUE statement, error messages such as the following will be created in the SAS log for each overlapping range: ERROR: These two ranges overlap: LOW-16 and 11-13 (fuzz=1E-12).ERROR: These two ranges overlap: 11-14 and 11-15 (fuzz=1E-12). In the following example PROC FORMAT code, the multilabel option within parentheses is listed after the format name of AGEFMT in the VALUE statement: 15 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued proc format; value agefmt (multilabel) 11-13 =' 11 to 13†² 11-14 =' 11 to 14†² 11-15 =' 11 to 15†² 11-high ='11 and above' low-16 ='16 and below' ; run; You might have noticed that some of the labels contain leading blanks.Behind the scenes, PROC REPORT applies the format before creating groups and the formatted values are used for ordering. Without the leading spaces, the category of ‘11 and above’ will be the first group printed because an ‘a’ in ‘and’ precedes a ‘t’ in ‘to’ for an ascending ordering schema. Adding leading spaces is a way to ensure the desired grouping order. In the example PROC REPORT code below, AGEFMT format is added to the DEFINE AGE statement. Notice that there is also the option of MLF. The MLF option is required when multilabel formatting is desired. itle â€Å"Multilabel Formatting†; proc report data=sashelp. class nowd; col sex age (‘Mean' height weight); define sex / group; define age / group mlf format=agefmt. ‘Age Groups'; define height / mean format=6. 2 ‘Height (in. )'; define weight / mean format=6. 2 ‘Weight (lbs. )'; rbreak after / summarize; run; The output is shown below in Output 17. Output 17. Multilabel Formatting HTML Output The multilabel formatting is applied only to a group or across variable. If you try to apply the MLF option to any other definition, a warning message will be produced.For exa mple, if the group variable is changed to an order variable for the DEFINE AGE statement, the SAS log will show the following warning: WARNING: The MLF option is valid only with GROUP and ACROSS variables. MLF will have no effect for the variable age. If you need to create a detailed report instead of a summary report, you can change any other group variable to an order variable or add an order variable. For example, using the code in this section, if the DEFINE SEX/GROUP is changed to DEFINE SEX/ORDER, a detailed report showing a row for every observation from the input data set will be produced. 16PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets behind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued DID YOU KNOW†¦ Now that you know the behind-the-scenes secrets of PROC REPORT, here are some other little-known facts of interest. Did you know that PROC REPORT started out as an interactive windowing product and the interactive window is the default environment ? Are you not sure what an interactive window is? Most of us have accidentally invoked PROC REPORT code without the NOWD, NOWINDOWS, or the NOFS option and end up in an unfamiliar window. This unfamiliar window is actually the REPORT window.Here is sample PROC REPORT code that invokes the REPORT window: proc report data=sashelp. class; run; The REPORT window is shown in Display 1. Display 1. The REPORT Window Showing PROC REPORT Code In fact, the REPORT window can be found in different places of SAS. For example, the Report Editor under the Tools menu and the Design Report selection under Reporting in the Solutions menu item both invoke the REPORT window. Entering TREPORT in the command line box will also invoke the REPORT WINDOW. For anyone new to PROC REPORT, using the report in the window mode is a wonderful way to quickly create an immediate report.The code can be found in the Report Statements selection located in the Tools menu from the REPORT window. For experienced PROC REPO RT coders, using the REPORT window to create the code saves time typing. Make sure that the NOWD option is added to the PROC REPORT statement when you are running in an editor. As new options are added to PROC REPORT, most of them will also work in the windowing mode. The exception is with ODS. The windowing mode of PROC REPORT does not support any of the ODS functionality. So check it out!  ®  ® Also, did you know that for SAS Enterprise Guide users, there is a wizard that uses PROC REPORT behind the scenes?It is called the List Report wizard. You can invoke the List Report window through the Describe selection under the Tasks menu item. The List Report wizard was designed for the user who has little to no SAS or PROC REPORT experience. Only the underlying code reveals that PROC REPORT was used behind the scenes. Display 2 shows the SAS Enterprise Guide List Report wizard. Display 2. The SAS Enterprise Guide List Report Wizard 17 PROC REPORT Unwrapped: Exploring the Secrets beh ind One of the Most Popular Procedures in Base SAS ® Software, continued CONCLUSIONSo there you have it. We have discovered the secrets behind how PROC REPORT is made by exploring a numeric variable in a COMPUTE block, the difference between an input data set variable and a DATA step variable, and ways to move column headings, change attributes with styles, use the CALL DEFINE statement, and explore the multilabel formatting. We dug deep into example code and even unwrapped some of the little known facts about PROC REPORT. That is all the time we have and thank you for taking part in PROC REPORT Unwrapped! RECOMMENDED READING Booth, Allison McMahill. 2011. Beyond the Basics: Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks Updated for SAS ® 9. 2. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2012 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings11/246-2011. pdf. Booth, Allison McMahill. 2010. â€Å"Evolve from a Carpenter’s Apprentice to a Master Woodworker: Creating a Plan for Your Reports and Avoiding Common Pitfalls in REPORT Procedure Coding. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2010 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/proceedings10/1332010. pdf.Booth, Allison McMahill. 2007. â€Å"Beyond the Basics: Advanced PROC REPORT Tips and Tricks. † Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2007 Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/rnd/papers/sgf07/sgf2007-report. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"Find Your Answer in the SAS Knowledge Base. † SAS Customer Support Web Site. Available at support. sas. com/resources/.  ® SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"REPORT Procedure. † Base SAS 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. tm#p0bqogcics9o4xn17yvt2qjbgdpi. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2012. â€Å"REPORT Procedure Windows. à ¢â‚¬  Base SAS ® 9. 3 Procedures Guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/documentation/cdl/en/proc/63079/HTML/default/viewer. htm#p10d8v5dnafqb9n1p35e7kp9q67e. htm. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. â€Å"The REPORT Procedure: Getting Started with the Basics. † Technical Paper. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/ProcReportBasics. pdf. SAS Institute Inc. 2008. â€Å"Using Style Elements in the REPORT and TABULATE Procedures. † Technical Paper.Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. Available at support. sas. com/resources/papers/stylesinprocs. pdf. CONTACT INFORMATION Your comments and questions are valued and encouraged. Contact the author at: Allison McMahill Booth SAS Institute Inc. SAS Campus Drive Cary, NC 27513 E-mail: [email  protected] com Web: support. sas. com SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other coun tries.  ® indicates USA registration. Other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective companies. 18