Free Essays - The Dehumanization of Shylock in Merchant of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

The Dehumanization of loan shark in merchandiser of Venice       In Susan Pharrs The Common Elements of Oppression, she defines the separate as the outcast of society, the ones who stand up for what they believe in, no matter how against the grain it may be, the ones who try the hardest to earn acceptance, yet never receive it. In Shakespe atomic number 18s Merchant of Venice, Shylock, the villain is portrayed as the other simply because of his faith, because he is Jewish in a predominantly Christian society.   One way that Shylock is classified as the other was by being stripped of his name. Throughout the play, Shylock was very seldom referred to by name in the trial scene, the Duke identifies him by name twice, and Portia does so once. During the rest of the play, Shylock is usually referred to as the Jew, dog Jew (II, viii, 14), and currish Jew (IV, i, 292)   Throughout the play, Shylock was often reduced to something other than Human. In man y cases, even the dim-witted title of Jew was stripped away, and Shylock was not a man, but an animal. For example, Gratiano curses Shylock with O, be thou damned, inexecrable dog (IV, i, 128) whose currish spirit governd a wolf (IV, i, 133-134) and whose desires are wolvish, bloody, starved, and ravenous (IV, i, 137-138). Or when Shylock is neither a man nor an animal, he becomes a stony adversary, inhuman wretch (IV, i, 4-5). When the Christians applied these labels to Shylock, they effectively stripped him of his humanity, of his phantasmal identity he was reduced to something other than human.   The Christians also labeled Shylock as explicitly equated with the Devil, which in a primarily Christian society remaining Shylock as the other. For example, in (II, ii, 24-28), Launcelot Gobbo identifies Shylock as a kind of devil, the devil himself, and the very devil incarnation. Shylocks own daughter compared Shylocks house to the pits (II, iii, 2). Salanio identif ies Shylock as the devil...in the likeness of a Jew (III, i, 19-21) and Bassanio echoes this sentiment by identifying Shylock as a cruel devil (IV, i, 217). Antonio further cements the association between Shylock and the devil by noting how Shylocks arguments remind him how The devil can cite scripture for his purpose (I, iii, 97-100).

Violent Video Games Dont Lead to Increases In Violent Behavior Essay

A young, blonde woman stands with her fists raised. She shifts her weight back and forth, staying in constant motion. Her jaw is set and her blue eyes dangerous. She faces her opponent with no fear. Her fellow combatant is a skilled warrior and a member of a Shirai Ryu clan. Hes spent years mastering his own special style of martial arts. The woman observes him carefully. Hes muscular and, no doubt, fast. She cannot see almost of his face, as a gold and black mask obscures it, but she can see his eyes. Theyre merciless. She eyes the harpoon at his hip. Hell probably go for that first and try to stun her with it. The cue is given and, sure enough, he grabbed his harpoon and aimed it at her, snarling, Get over here Shed anticipated his moves considerably and she sidestepped his harpoon. He figured out that she knew his obvious attacks, he began to use more quick attacks, moving quickly in the shadows, confusing her. He soon overpowers her. muzzy and dizzy, she is at his mercy. Unfo rtunately, mercy is a quality he lacks. He wraps his harpoon around her neck and opens a ingress. Shes pulled into it and he holds onto his chain tightly. Another portal opens above and her body dangles from it, strung up by his chain. The announcers voice lets out in a deep grumbling voice, Fatality. Meanwhile, in a living room, the gruesome scene fades to black and two friends laugh at each other for the graphic execution and go on playing the newest c looke by reversal of the Mortal Kombat series.While todays games are ridiculously violent, can one honestly believe they can open a portal to hang their enemies? Do video games really warp the mind and cause players to be aggressive? Recent studies say no. It is not the games error for a player to react viol... ...While there are violent games out there, children could, with the help of their parents, play cleaner games such as The Legend of Zelda or both game in the Mario series, and in the end, be benefited from it. Whether their stress is relieved, their brains stronger, or their connections with their families made unbreakable, video games can truly be a good thing for kids.whole kit and boodle CitedHanna, Patrick. Players. Not Games, Cause video game violence. New Zealand Herald. New Zealand Herald, 27 July 2010. Web. 24 October 2011.Jayson, Sharon. Study the Player, Not the Game. USA Today. USA Today, 15 September 2011. Web. 24 October 2011.Jayson, Sharon. Video Games Tied to Aggression. USA Today. USA Today, 1 March 2010. Web. 24 October 2011.Paulson, Ken. How obscene is video game violence? USA Today. USA Today, 2 November 2010. Web. 24 October 2011.

Abortion: A Woman Has the Right to Choose Essay -- Argumentative Essay,

AbortionIntroductionAbortion has become the common focus of diverse and authoritative debate in various societies, especi all toldy the U.S. One of the most confrontational topics argued is whether or not abortion is morally ethical. More than forty percent of all women will terminate their pregnancy by abortion at some point in their productive lives (Stacey OL). In spite of disagreement by some(prenominal) people, abortion is one of the most widespread medical procedures performed in the United States every single year. Eventhough abortion is opposed by many people, it should stay legal, because it is the function of a women to control herself or her body (Swomley, 1991).Pre-choice AbortionAbortion controversy can be broken down into two groups those who oppose abortion and name themselves pro- tone, and those who support abortion rights and consider themselves pro-choice. In 1916,the first family planning and birth control center in the United States was opened by Margaret Sa nger. Fifty-seven eld later in 1973, the Supreme Court of the U.S lined abortion legal during early stages of pregnancy to protect potential life in later stages, during brass of Roe vs. Wade. Regardless of the courts ruling, abortion protests have grown from sidewalk picketing to clinic blockades, harassment of clinic workers and patients, vandalism, and even bombing, in the past thirty years. A fertilized ovum is less than the weightiness of one human hair. It cannot be contemplated as the baby. As thought upon by many people of humankind, it is outrageous to pretend that aborting the zygote or fertilized egg is the same as killing the baby, as pro-life movement emphasizes (Bettencourt, 1991).One of biggest arguments regarding the issue of abortion is whether or not l... ...hild later in life will decrease (Wattleton, 1991).Luckily, today in society, everyone is allowed to decide for themselves whether something is morally correct or incorrect. Ultimately, everyone is entitled to their own choices. Women should be permitted to resume choosing their personal preferences when it comes down to their bodies and reproductive lives. The advantages of abortion outweigh shortcomings. The case of Roe vs. Wade has assisted development of boundaries to conclude legal rights of the mother and the fetus. Although the pro-life and pro-choice group of persons are found, simply there is nothing known as pro-abortion. While no one particularly wishes to end wonders of life, abortion guarantees protection and legal rights of women. Although abortion is opposed by many people, it should remain legal, as it is the womans right to control her own body.

Making Decisions In The Road Not Taken by Frost :: essays research papers

Making Decisions in The Road Not TakenIn The Road Not Taken rime emphasizes that every person is a traveler choosing the roads to follow on the map of their continuous journey-life. There is never a straight path that leads a person one sole direction in which to head. Regardless of the original message that Robert Frost had intended to convey, The Road Not Taken has left me with many different interpretations. Throughout this poem, it is obvious that decisions are not easy to make and each decision will lead you down a different path. In this poem, Frost illustrates that every person has his own opinion. He states Then took the early(a), just as fair, and having perhaps the better claim (line 6-7). What make it better was it was grassy and precious wear (line 8). It was something that was obviously not for everyone because it seems that the other people take the more popular one. And both that morning equally lay/ In leaves no musical note had trodden black (line 11). No one had yet to pass by on this road since the leaves have fallen. I kept the first for another day (line 13). The appetite to travel down both paths is expressed and is not unusual, but knowing how way leads onto way (line 14). The speaker of this poem realizes that the decision is not just a temporary one, and he doubted if I should ever come back (line 15). This is his common sense speaking and acknowledging that what he chooses now will affect every other choice he will make in the future.At the end of the poem, the regret hangs over the travelers head. He realizes that at the end of his life, somewhere ages and ages hence (line 17), He will have regrets about having never gone back and traveling down the road he did not take. Yet he carcass proud of his decision, and he recognizes that it was this path that he chose that make him turn out the way he did. I took the road less traveled by and that has made all the difference (line 19-20). To this man, what really made the difference is that he did what he wanted, even if it meant taking the road less traveled.

Newspaper Report on a Town :: Papers

Newspaper Report on a Town I am going to economise a newspaper article about my town, it is called Luton. It is thirty miles north of London. And has a population of around 187000 people. Its main features are the airport, which is currently being extended and the Vauxhall factory. The area, which I live in, is called Wigmore. It is on the very edge of the town and backs onto the countryside. There are a number of small villages beyond Wigmore, Tea Green, which has a small play course, and Cockernhoe, which has a small junior school. They both have very few houses, as well as a church and of course a pub. wholly of the houses down my road are either four or three bed-roomed houses. They all have front and back gardens as well as a park. This is a good feature as it allows children to play in the comfort of their own road this is very reassuring for parents. If you go out of my road thither is a main road, which if you follow will either take you to W igmore Valley Park, which is an enormous playing field that sits directly next to the airport. It is used mainly in the summer where you would have families with picnics, fun and games and people walking their dogs. If you go the other way you will be taken to the local supermarket, ASDA. Which is the second busiest attraction in my area, next to the airport. The supermarket consists of everything you could think of from designer clothes, ready cooked food as well as your every day shopping. It also has a music and video inclose which has a number of top of the chart products as well as a large archive of old music and videos. And all of this at exceptionally low prices. If you go slightly further than ASDA then you will reach Ashcroft area, this is where my School is. My school is an I.T communications college which means that its main interest is I.

Newspaper Report on a Town :: Papers

Newspaper Report on a Town I am going to compile a newspaper article about my town, it is called Luton. It is thirty miles north of London. And has a population of around 187000 people. Its main features are the airport, which is currently being extended and the Vauxhall factory. The area, which I live in, is called Wigmore. It is on the very edge of the town and backs onto the countryside. There are a number of small villages beyond Wigmore, Tea Green, which has a small play course, and Cockernhoe, which has a small junior school. They both have very few houses, as well as a church and of course a pub. exclusively of the houses down my road are either four or three bed-roomed houses. They all have front and back gardens as well as a park. This is a good feature as it allows children to play in the comfort of their own road this is very reassuring for parents. If you go out of my road in that respect is a main road, which if you follow will either t ake you to Wigmore Valley Park, which is an enormous playing field that sits directly next to the airport. It is used mainly in the summer where you would have families with picnics, fun and games and people walking their dogs. If you go the other way you will be taken to the local supermarket, ASDA. Which is the second busiest attraction in my area, next to the airport. The supermarket consists of everything you could think of from designer clothes, ready cooked food as well as your every day shopping. It also has a music and video blood line which has a number of top of the chart products as well as a large archive of old music and videos. And all of this at exceptionally low prices. If you go slightly further than ASDA then you will reach Ashcroft area, this is where my School is. My school is an I.T communications college which means that its main interest is I.

High School and Education Essay

1a) Cultural Deprivation-Intellectual Development development of thinking and reasoning skills. Theorists would argue that many WC homes overleap educational books, toys and activities that would help attain a childs intellectual development. Douglas- WC pupils scored lower on test of ability, as their p atomic number 18nts argon slight seeming to support their childrens intellectual development. Bernstein and Young- mothers occupy toys that influence intellectual development. Criticism WC may not be capable to afford these toys etc. -Language children fail to develop necessary language skills and grow up incapable of abstract thinking and unable to use language to explain, describe, enquire and compargon. Restricted & Elaborated code Bernstein. MC suck in an advantage as the flesh out code is use by teachers, text books and exams. Also MC pupils are already fluent speakers (socialisation) so they feel at home in educate and are more than in all probability to succeed. Cri ticism Bernstein describes WC speech inadequate. -Attitudes and Values Parents attitudes and determine are a key factor affecting educational fall uponment.Douglas- WC parents place less value on education. Feinstein- the lack of inte consist is more central than financial hardship or factors within school day. many another(prenominal) WC subcultures surrender different goals, beliefs, attitudes and values from the rest of society. Hyman- WC subculture is a self-imposed barrier to educational success. Sugerman- Fatalism, Collectivism, Immediate Gratification, Present-time Orientation. WC children knowledgeableise the beliefs and values of their subculture through the socialisation process meaning under-achievement. -Compensatory Education Policy designed to acquire the problem of CD by providing extra resources to school and communities in deprived areas. E.g. Sure Start, Education Action Zones etc. Criticism Dont converge the real spring of under-achievement (poverty and material deprivation).-Criticisms Keddie CD is a myth and blames victims. A child cannot be deprived of their own culture they are just culturally different. Troyna and Williams teachers have a speech hierarchy where MC speech is highest. Blackstone and Mortimore parents attend fewer parent evenings as they may make for longer hours/less habitue hours or put off by schools MC atmosphere. Also may not help their childrens progress as they lack the knowledge. -Studies show that WC children are more probable to leave school from the age of 16 and are less likely to go on to sixth bound and university. Also working-class children are more likely to start school unable to read, and are more likely to fall behind in reading, physical composition and number skills.1b) Material Deprivation-Referred to poverty and lack of material necessities ( accommodate/income). -Stats 32% of WC students were considering moving out of the family home to attend university. 90% of failing schools are i n deprived areas. 33% of those receiving free school meals got 5 or more A*-C GCSE grades. 90% of failing schools are located in deprived areas. -Housing- overcrowded housing means less space to do work, play, sleep etc, and greater risk of accidents. -Diet and health- lower intakes of cipher, vitamins and minerals.Poor nutrition - weaker immune system - lowering childrens energy levels - constrict ill easier (poor attendance at school). WC children are more likely to have behavioural or emotional problems. -Financial Support- WC children lack equipment and miss out on school trips. They as well make do with hand-me-downs (results in being stigmatised/bullied). Children living in poverty take on jobs (baby sitting, cleaning, paper rounds) which has a negative refer on their school work. Also very few go on to university. The government has tried to tackle this problem, e.g. EMA, raising the school leaving age and providing free-school meals. -Criticisms Ignores internal factors and cultural deprivation.1c) Cultural Capital-Bourdieu suggested MC culture is as valuable in educational terms as economic not bad(p). The forms of knowledge, values, ways of interacting and communicating ideas that MC children possess are developed further and rewarded by the education system (qualifications).WC have a lack of cultural capital which run fors to exam failure. They also get the message that education isnt meant for them thus they truant/leave school early/provide no effort. -Education, economic and cultural capital can be converted into one another. E.g. MC children with cultural capital are better equipped to meet the demands of school and make water qualifications.Wealthier parents can convert their economic capital into educational capital by sending their children to private schools, and passing extra tuition. -Gewirtz sees how greater parental quality of school has benefited one social class more. correction 14 London schools with interviews from parents and teachers. She found that differences in economic and cultural capital lead to class differences in how far parents can implement choice of subaltern school. She identifies three main types of parents privileged-skilled choosers (MC parents who used their economic and cultural capital to gain educational capital for their children), disconnected-local choosers (WC parents whose choices were restricted by their lack of economic and cultural capital), and semi-skilled choosers (mainly WC who were determined for their children only lacked cultural capital).Internal Factors (class difference)2a) Labelling-Attaching a meaning to someone. Teachers often attach labels regardless of their ability or attitude. -Howard Becker- Did a study based on interviews with 60 Chicago high school teachers they judge pupils to what they think is the ideal pupil. WC children were furthest (regarded as badly behaved). -Cicourel and Kitsuese- Did a study of educational counsellors in an American high school they cl causeed to judge students according to their ability, however, they judged students on their social class/race- MC have more potential than WC children.-Rist- Did a study of an American kindergarten the teacher used information about childrens sanctionground and appearance to place them into separate groups. At the front was the tigers (MC, given complex work), cardinals and then the clowns (given easy work like drawing). -Sharp and Green- Did a study about a child-centred primary school children picked their own activities, teachers felt when a child is ready to learn they will screen help. However, teachers deliberated that children who werent ready should engage in compensatory play. Their findings support the interactionist view that children of different class background are labelled differently. They argue that the negative labelling of the WC is also the result of inequalities in wider society.2b) Self-Fulfilling Prophecy-A prediction that comes true because it has been do. Step 1 Teacher labels pupil and makes predictions. Step 2 Teacher treats the pupil accordingly. Step 3 Pupil internalises the teachers expectation which becomes part of their self-concept/image, and becomes the kind of pupil the teacher meand (prediction is fulfilled). -Streaming involves separating children into different ability groups (streams). Each group is taught differently. Studies show that the self-fulfilling omen is likely to occur once streamed. WC children are usually put in a lower stream as they arent ideal pupils. It is difficult to move up into a higher stream thus are locked into their teachers expectations - self-fulfilling prophecy as the children live up to their teachers expectations by under-achieving.2c) Pupil Subcultures-A group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns. They emerge as a response to the way pupils have been labelled (reaction to streaming). -Lacey Differentiation- process of teachers categorising pupils ac cording to their ability/attitude/behaviour. Polarisation- process in which pupils do to streaming by moving towards one of the two opposite extremes. Pro-school subculture- placed in higher streams, remain committed to the values of school and gain attitude through academic success. Anti-school subculture- placed in lower streams, have inferior status. -Hargreaves There are two distinctive subcultures Conformists and Non-conformists delinquents (a delinquent subculture that helped guarantee their educational failure).-Woods argues that quite an than seeing pupil subcultures as either conformist or deviant, it is more realistic to see a variety of possible adaptations/responses to the schooling process. Pro-school Ingratiation (pupils who try to earn the favour of teachers), Opportunism (those who vary between teacher and peer approval), Compliance (pupils who conform for instrumental reasons), Ritualism (pupils who go through the motions), Colonisation (pupils who avoid trouble, but will deviate if there is less punishment).Anti-school Ritualism, Retreatism (not opposed to school values, but not concerned about achieving success), Colonisation, Intransigence (deviate and arent bothered about the consequences), sedition (pupils have little regard to school values and reject school teachings). -Ball found that when the school abolished banding, the basis for pupils to polarise into subcultures was largely removed and the influence of the anti-school subculture declined. However, note continued. As a result, class inequalities can continue due to teachers labelling. -Limitations Deterministic assumes that once pupils are labelled, they have no choice but to fulfil the prophecy and will inevitably fail. Ignores wider structures of power blames teachers for labelling pupils but fails to explain why.2d) Marketisation and Selection Policies-Marketisation is a policy that introduces market forces of supply and demand into areas run by the state. Marketisation ha s brought in accompaniment formula (giving a school the kindred amount of funds for each pupil), Exam League Tables (ranking schools based on their exam performance), Competition among schools to puff pupils. -A-C deliverance Schools need to achieve a good league table position to attract pupils and funding. However, this widens the class gap in achievement. The A-C economy is a system in which schools ration their time, money, effort and resources to those who will get 5 A*-C GCSEs to get a high rank. -Educational Triage sorting pupils those who will pass anyway, those with potential, despairing cases. Those classed as hopeless cases are ignored (self-fulfilling prophecy and failure).-Competition and Selection Schools with a good league table position will be placed to attract other able/MC pupils. Thus improves the schools results and makes it more popular which attachs funding. Popular schools can afford to screen out less able and more difficult pupils, unpopular schools a re obliged to take the, get worse results, and get less funding. Cream skimming selecting higher ability pupils, who gain the best results and cost less to teach. Silt-shifting off-loading pupils with learning difficulties, who are expensive to teach and get poor results.-Attraction creating school contracts to attract parents, buying things like pipe organs to get a traditional image of the school (attracting the MC), grant maintained and city technology colleges provide vocational education in partnership with employers (another route to elite education). Ball et al suggests that schools spend more on marketing themselves to parents, and spend less in special needs in other areas. -Marketisation and weft created a polarised education system, with successful, well-resourced schools at one extreme, and failing un-resourced schools at the other blurred hierarchy.External Factors (ethnic differences)3a) Cultural Deprivation-Intellectual and linguistic skills Major cause of under-ac hievement. Many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. This leaves them poorly equipped for school because they have not been able to develop reasoning and problem-solving skills. Also the language used by black children in inadequate for educational success. Also those who dont speak English at home may be held back educationally. However, Mirza and Gillborn note that Indian pupils do very well despite not having English as their home language. -Attitudes and Values Lack of motivation is a major cause of the failure of black children. Many children are socialised in a mainstream culture of ambition, competitiveness and willingness to make scarifies to achieve long-term goals.Black children are socialised into a fatalistic subculture. -Family structure Failure to socialise children adequately is the result of dysfunctional family structure. Many black families are headed by a lone-mother their children are deprived of adequa te care because she has to struggle financially due to the absence of the manly breadwinner. The absence of the father also leads to the absence of the incontrovertible role model. Charles Murray would lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Pryce Asian pupils are higher achievers because their culture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. Black culture is less viscous and less resistant to racism. Thus they have low self-conceit and under-achieve.-Asian families Driver and Ballard they bring educational benefits as the parents have more positive attitudes towards education, higher aspirations and are therefore more supportive. Lupton respectful behaviour towards adults was expected from children, and had a knock-on effect in schools. Khan parents are stress ridden, bound by tradition, and controlling. -Criticisms Driver ignores positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. Lawrence black pupils under-achieve because of racism not se lf-esteem. Keddie victim-blaming theory. They under-achieve because schools are ethnocentric and favour black-and-blue culture. Compensatory Education it is an attempt to impose on the dominant white culture on children who have a culture of their own. Critics propose 2 alternatives Multicultural education recognises values of minority cultures and includes them in the curriculum. Anti-racist education challenges the prejudice and disparity that exists in schools and wider society.3b) Material Deprivation-Stats 1) Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are more likely to be in low-paid jobs. 2) 15% of ethnic minority households live in overcrowded conditions. 3) Unemployment is three times higher for African and Bangladeshi/Pakistani people. -Gillborn and Mirza argue that social class factors dont ignore the influence of ethnicity. When we compare pupils of the same social class but different ethnic origins, we tacit find differences in achievement.3c) Racism in Wider Society-David Maso n Discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britains citizens of ethnic minority origin. -Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. E.g. housing minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard accommodation than whites. -Noon two people with the same qualifications and experience applied for a job. However, the white person got the job, rather than the Indian. Thus shows that ethnic minorities are more likely to face unemployment and low chip in.Internal Factors (ethnic differences)4a) Labelling and Teacher Racism-Interactionists They see that teachers supply an image of the ideal pupil. But they see that black and Asian far from the ideal pupil. This leads them to label black pupils as disruptive and aggressive, and Asian pupils as passive and a problem they can ignore. -Gillborn and Youdell due to racialised expectations, teachers were quicker to discipline black pupils than others for the same behaviour. -Black pupils Teachers misinterpreted their behaviour as scourgeening/challenge to authority. Pupils then responded negatively and further conflict resulted. This may be why many black pupils are excluded, and their stereotypes may cause them to be in lower sets (under-achievement). -Asian pupils Teachers assumed that they would have a poor grasp of English and left them out of class discussions or used simplistic childish language. They also felt isolated when teachers mispronounced their name calling or teachers expressed disapproval of their customs.4b) Pupil Responses and Subcultures-Fuller Study of a group of black girls in year 11. Found that the girls conformed as far as school work was concerned. They worked consistently, but gave the appearance of not doing so (positive attitude to academic success, but preferred to rely on their own efforts than teachers). Fuller sees that pupils may still succeed even when they refuse to conform, and negatively labelling doesnt always lead to failure (no self-fulfilling prophecy). -Mirza Study of ambitious girls who faced teacher racism. The study failed as their get by strategies restricted their opportunities and thus under-achieved. She found that racist teachers discouraged black pupils from being ambitious through the kind of career advice that was given to them.The colour blind teachers who believe all pupils are equal but allow racism got unchallenged. Liberal chauvinists teachers who believe black pupils are culturally deprived and had low expectations of them. Overt racists teachers who believe blacks are inferior and discriminate against them. -Sewell Four ways in which boys respond to racist stereotyping Rebels (rejected both the goals and rules of school, conforming to the stereotype of the black macho lad. maxim white boys as effeminate), Conformists (keen to succeed, accepted the schools goals and avoided stereotypes from teachers or their peers), Re treatists (disconnected from both school and black subcultures), Innovators (pro-education but anti-school).4c) The Ethnocentric Curriculum-Ethnocentric attitude/policy that gives more value to one culture and ignores the rest. -The curriculum is very ethnocentric (favouring white culture). E.g. in teaching languages non-European languages are ignored (also other cultures in literature, art and music). However, in history, black history is taught, but it is focused on slavery. This may produce lower self-esteem to black pupils as this image of black people as inferior undermines them and may lead to failure.4d) Institutional Racism-Institutional racism discrimination that is built into the way institutions operate. -Schools tend to set schemes for the gifted and talented, and vocational schemes for the less academic e.g. black and Asians.External Factors (gender differences)5a) Girls-Feminism McRobbie shows that magazines in the 1970s emphasised the importance of getting married. Wh ereas, nowadays, they contain images of assertive, independent women. Also soap operas now highlight the importance of self-esteem and personal choice for young women. -Family Sine the 1970s there have been major changes in the family. For example an increase in divorce rates, increase in cohabitation and a decrease in the number of first marriages, increase in the number of lone-parent families (female-headed) and smaller families. These changes affect girls attitudes to education. Such as the increase in female lone-parent families may mean more women need to take on the breadwinner role. This creates a new adult role model for girls- the financially independent.To achieve this, women need well-paid jobs, and thus good qualifications. Also the increase in divorce rates suggests that girls can make their own living. -Employment 1970 Equal Pay Act (illegal to pay women less for the same job as men), Sex Discrimination Act. Womens employment has risen due to the service sector and fl exible part-time work. 1975- The pay gap between men and women has increased. Women are now breaking through the glass ceiling (keeps them out of high-level professional managerial jobs). -Ambitions Sharpe- study mixed conducting interviews with girls in the 1970s and 1990s. In the 1970s the girls felt that education with unfeminine and if they were interested, it would make them unattractive. In the 1990s, the girls ambitions had changed, and thought careers are more important as they can support themselves.5b) Boys-Feminisation of education Schools do not nurture masculine traits such as competitiveness and leadership. Also coursework has created differences in educational achievement. -Shortage of male primary school teachers Strong positive male role models both at home and at school cause may causeunder-achievement. 16% of men are primary school teachers. 42% said they made them work harder. Yet, Myhill and Jones found they felt male teachers treated boys harshly. -Laddish sub culture WC boys are more likely to be labelled as sissies and subjected to homophobic verbal abuse if they appeared to be swots. Boys were more concerned to be labelled by peers than girls, as it is a threat to their masculinity. Thus, WC boys rejected schoolwork to avoid being called gay. Epstein- real boys dont work if they do, they get bullied.Internal Factors (gender differences)6a) Girls and Achievement-Equal opportunities policies Policies such as result and WISE encourage girls to pursue a career in non-traditional areas. The National Curriculum has removed one source of gender inequality by devising girls and boys study mostly the same subjects. Also schooling has become meritocentric. -Positive role models The increase in female teachers shows that women can achieve positions of importance and giving them non-traditional goals to aim for. -GCSE and coursework Girls are more successful in coursework as they are more conscientious and better organised. Sociologists argue th at these characteristics and skills are the result of early gender socialisation. E.g. girls are likely to be encouraged to be neat, tidy and patient. This puts girls in a better place as they achieve greater success.Elwood- not the only cause of the gender gap. -Teacher attention Teachers paid more attention to boys as they are attracted to reprimands. This may explain why teachers have more positive attitudes to girls, whom they see as cooperative, than to boys, whom are seen as disruptive. This may lead to self-fulfilling prophecy in which successful interactions with teachers promote girls self-esteem and raise the achievement levels. -Challenging stereotypes in the curriculum Sexist images have been removed from learning materials.This may help raise girls success levels- more positive images of what women can do. -Selection and league tables Girls are more likely to be recruited from good schools as they are more attractive to schools. This may create a self-fulfilling prophec y. -Feminists Liberal- See that further progress will be made by the continuing developments of equal opportunities, and see education is a meritocracy. Radical- System still remains patriarchal. E.g. sexual harassment continues, education still limits their subject choice and career options, females are less likely to become head-teachers.

Hunter V Moss Criticisms

Certainty of subject matter and the critcisms of hunter v moss When creating an express practice knight and knight supply that there must be foregone conclusion of subject matter, certainty of intention and certainty of objects. Certainty of subject matter is where there must be an denomination of the organized religion place and certainty as to whom is which part of the trust proportion to be held. In relation to uncertainty of beneficial interests, the trust will hold up where the method of distribution is stipulated by the sethlow but cannot take effect (Boyce v Boyce).However the trust will not fail where the method of distribution is not stipulated by the sethlow leaving the accost to intervene (re napton). If there is an effect of lack of certainty in respect of the beneficial interests in the trust property a resulting trust will be imposed because candour hates a vacuum, the trust property will therefore be held on trust for the sethlow or if he is idle for his esta te.In regards to identification of the trust property If there is a lack of a proper identification of the trust property, the trust will fail because the property neer leaves the sethlow and there is no need for a resulting trust. However the term residue estate will not fail a trust because it means all in all the remaining trust property. It is quantifiable A caper occurs where the wording used is not sufficiently certain as to know what property is intended to be held on trust and where the property that is held on trust is not segregated by the sethlow from a larger amount of similar property he owns. If a trust fund is not segregated wherefore there will be no certainty of subject matter and the trust will fail. The problem is identifying the property that constitutes the trust fund. The property must be diagnosable otherwise the courts would not know which property is to be distributed to the beneficiaries. It must be shown that the sethlow intended to ready a trust o ver specified property. In Palmer v Simmons the bulk of her estate was not sufficiently certain and remaining part of what is left-hand(a) excessively (sprange v barnard).However in Re Golay the court looked at the testers intention. To deduce what reasonable income meant Oliver J articulated the orthodox approach or rule in re London wine where property must be segregated form a lager mass of similar property for there to be a valid trust he said To create a trust it must be possible to ascertain with certainty not and what the interest of the beneficiary is to be but to what property it is to attach. The mere declaration that a given number of animals out of the flock would be held on trust would not create a trust. This approach was followed in re Goldcorp which affirmed that property must be separately identifiable before it can be held on a valid trust. The contention arose with Hunter v Moss which did not follow the orthodox approach where Hunter was en human action 50 out of mosss 1000 shares. Under the Goldcorp rule there would be no trust because the property was not separated however Dillon J said there was a valid trust.The rationale for this controversial decision was that it would have made no difference which 50 shares would have been given because they were all identical. So here there was no need to segregate the property if it was inpalpable. The problem with this case is that Dillon is giving the trustee of the will who only has legal title subject to the terms of the trust an executor status, i. e. putting him in the shoes of the sethlow.This is a problem because the executor acquires legal title in all of the deceaseds someones property with a power to make a division of property in accordance with the terms of the will as personal typical of the deceased. Whereas the inter vivos trustee makes a division subject to the terms of the trust. So inter vivos trustee cannot know what property falls under his remit whereas the executor knows that he has title in the whole property formally vested in the testator so there is no uncertainty of subject matter.Dillon did not make a distinction between tangible and intangible property. hardly did say that the London wine case concerned chattels and this case concerned a title over shares This case has been applied in Holland v Newbury where the securities were intangible property and therefore did not require segregation. This may mean that Hunter v Moss is precedent because it was stubborn in the C of A whereas Goldcorp was decided in the Privy Council and can only be deemed a persuasive authority.However the earlier case of MacJordan v Brookemount may have supported Dillon because the judge thought it was not necessary to segregate part of the bank account from a larger amount of money in the same account. However here there was no identifiable bank account in the first place to establish a trust so it was void. Other problems with Hunter v Moss is that it ignores tradi tional property law which requires there to be specific and identifiable property which is the subject to a trust. There was only a valid trust because there were ufficient shares to satisfy the claim. The C of A could not have decided this in Goldcorp because there were more claims than there was property to satisfy them. If there was a distinction to be made between cases in which it would be valid to hold one trust valid contempt insufficient segregation and another trust invalid on grounds of insufficient segregation it would not be based on whether the property was tangible or intangible but rather whether the legal owner of that property was resolution or insolvent which in Goldcorp he was insolvent..So it seems Dillon ljs reasoning is ill founded. some other problem is that why should there be a specific rule for intangible property. Tangible property could be subject to the same rules. In Caswell v Powell bushels of wheat are indistinguishable and that in relation to a 1 000 ball bearings it does not matter if 500 were separated because they would be all the same. So the distinction based on tangible and intangible property is weak and that it would be better to base a distinction on whether the trustee was solvent or insolvent.The reaction to Hunter v Moss has been mixed Alistair Hudson says that Hunter v Moss is concerned with achieving justice between the parties. Because Goldcorp concerned the allocation of property whereas HAUNTER V Moss the court was concerned with preventing the employer from benefiting from a breach of contract. However David Hayton argues that Dillons judgment may well come to be stigmatised as determined perilously close to vacation.He highlights questions left open by hunter v Moss Because, Moss declared himself trustee of 50 of his shares, an obvious problem arises because there is no certainty as to which 50 of the 950 shares the trust relates. Thus, if Moss subsequently sells 50 shares how do the Revenue know whether h e is interchange his own shares, so that he is chargeable to capital gains tax, or if he is selling Hunters shares so that Hunter is so chargeable?If the proceeds of sale are profitably or detrimentally reinvested does the new investment belong in equity to Hunter or Moss, bearing in mind that it is only if Moss is acting wrongfully in respect of specific shares that Hunter can take usefulness of the equitable tracing rules to apply whichever of them suits him best? Can Hunter obtain an injunction to prevent Moss selling or mortgaging any shares or only more than 900 shares? Does Hunter really have any specific proprietary interest capable of assignment?Despite these criticisms Jill Martin says that Hunter v Moss appears fair, sensible and workable as well Allison Jones says the decision is a sensible one. She says it seems absurd that there could be a valid trust of the entire contents of a bank account which could then be traced wrongly into another account of the trustee but t hat there cannot be a valid trust of part of the funds in an account. But even Therese Villiers says that the flexibility provided by Hunter v. Moss may yet prove to have deleterious effects Hancock v Watson exception?

Security Manager †Working with and leading people

Task 1 Teamwork mini pouch The aggroupwork mini proletariat demonstrates its main target to discuss the role play of a excerption daylight at St Patricks College. The conduct of this role play is d ane by a group of three students. The job title introduced for this selection day is the post of a gage manager.One of the most important responsibilities of a auspices manager is to monitor the security operations in the college environment. A security manager is usu altogethery responsible for maintaining and implementing of a wide range of security policies, rules and regulations. It is important to ensure that the college environment is safe for students, college staff and visitors. An different significant duty of a security manager is related to recruiting new security staff and delegating specific tasks. The security manager should be able to keep span of various events as well as create exigency response plans. It is in any case significant to conduct regular security ev aluations.There are dickens main roles typical to a security manager managerial role and administrative role. In basis of demonstrating his managerial role, a security manager is expect to supervise security squad on issues related to sickness and absence. Other important aspects of the managerial role of a security manager include coordination of all contacts with the emergency service stomachrs in case a serious incident occurs contacting external contractors regarding fire system and access to security systems and ensuring safety of the entire expression at all times. In relation to the administrative role, a security manager should carry out and record daily security checks in an get hold of manner as well as manage staffing levels including rotas. Reports of daily activities and problems with equipment, property and theft issues have been identified. The duties and responsibilities of a security manager are provided below manage security junior staff to patrol college pre mises and detect signs of intrusions and ensure security doors, windows and gates are secured Answer alarm bells and assigns officers to investigate disturbances and also to give way a list of potential problems Ensure that the fire call points, intruder alarms, emergency lighting are tested weekly and results recorded Ensure security alarms are set and operative correctly as well as gas and electrical appliances are turned off at the ending of the day Monitor and authorise entrance and de segmentationure of students and staff, visitors and other soulfulnesss to guard against theft and to maintain security of premises Coordinate with the reception staff and provide curb and cover as required Coordinate with facility management on health and safety matters Liaise with the borough security and supersee the transfer of any accused person to the custody of the local law enforcement personnel Act as the main key holder for the college on all call outs and liaise with other emergency servicesIn terms of person specification, the following aspects have been outlined EssentialDesirable Education and qualificationHigh diploma level (HND) Bachelors degree in avocation management/ managing people Bachelors degree in security management Complete senior management security programme Hold a recognised training certificateDegree in criminal justice/ public administration Experience and knowledgeCandidate must be 21 familys and over One year post degree Work with security systems including CCTV and access control and producers to promote effective security operations for the protection of assets, people and entropy companionship of CCTV codes of practice, data protection act, British standard 7499 Static guarding and mobile patrol Experience of managing teams Knowledge of fire safety and health and safe procedures in the work stick Knowledge of the equality act and its relevance to the collegeWork with the police force, national guard, voluntary service Work at an op erational management level delivering security service ideally with students and within a high large profile 2 years in security force Task 3 Self-reflectionHaving taken part in the project at St Patricks College, related to a selection day, I have had an experience which has given me an exciting opportunity to experience an active sour of building strong leadership skills. Teamwork usually involves various individuals and groups working together to optimise their efficiency and reach common goals, as in the case with the project performed in St Patricks College (Sohmen, 2013). The put ons of team working on this project are numerous. First, teamwork leads to improved morale because team atoms learn to take sufficient responsibility for their actions, which whitethorn result in a significant improvement of the entire project. It is important that individuals gain authority and possessorship over the project (Reevy, Chamberlain and Stein2013).A second service of team working on the project relates to greater flexibility. This means that people have an opportunity to become more pliable as result of working together on a project. They may also solve certain problems in an efficient manner considering that they unite their efforts to achieve common objectives (Sohmen, 2013). Another benefit associated with teamwork is that of increased innovation. Every team member can share important insights into developing the project successfully. Innovation is linked with creativity, implying that team members can demonstrate hearty creative skills when providing suggestions to the project (Pacios and de la Fuente, 2013). As indicated in look into, teamwork contributes to increased levels of motivation, which in turn positively affects ones creativity.My role as leader and member of the team has developed due to my active participation in the project. Conflicts and difficulties are an inevitable part of any project, including the one at St Patricks College, but I hav e been determined to solve any challenges. I have demonstrated the skills of listening to others and considering their point of view regarding important stages of the completion of the project (Reevy, Chamberlain and Stein, 2013). Research places immensity on the study of empathic skills, which are important in the process of bringing a project to successful completion (Tiffan, 2014). My role as team leader in managing conflicts has mostly involved the adoption of preventative strategies focused on the idea of preventing or minimising conflicts. As a result, I have contributed to the development of ground rules for the project at its beginning, as research also considers the relevance of systematic preparation in projects (Tiffan, 2014). Moreover, I have succeeded in developing a team agreement on the precise way in which the group could resolve any problems that may appear. Another strategy is to present details on the critical resolution process in which every team member is ass igned specific roles.My role as leader and member of the team also included a solid focus on reactive strategies. In other words, I have thoroughly considered my responsibility to enhance the resolution of conflicts pertaining to the project (Sohmen, 2013). For instance, I implemented a form of authoritarian approach by informing the group about the scope of the resolution. Such strategy was more black-tie in the sense of adhering to strict rules of project communication. As an example, I directly informed the group that the major goal of the project is to focus on recruitment strategies used in the selection of employees. This fostered a sense of enhanced teamwork based on the urgency to resolve any conflicts and difficulties as quickly as possible. However, I also included a process of flexible discussion while trying to find solutions to conflicts (Tiffan, 2014).As a whole, the forte of the team in achieving the projects goals was adequate. The team members were skilled and mo tivated to bring the project to a successful end. In addition, the group ensured that they had complementary skills (Stupans, 2013). They were able to relate to one another in terms of technical proficiencies. The aspect of mutual accountability was present at all stages of the project. They were all responsible for the creation of a strong culture of responsibility. Each team member illustrated the presence of clearly defined roles and responsibilities (Tiffan, 2014).As part of the process of achieving the projects goals, productivity of team members has been properly recognized and rewarded. In addition, the effectiveness of the team reflected the regular tracking of individual and group progress. In case the team members exhibited any signs of struggling with completing the project, the team has been always ready to provide support and guidance which previous research has found to be important (Sohmen, 2013). The team was able to create a positive pressure to achieve the initiall y projected goals. Such goals have emerged in an attempt to guide the important ends made by team members. This shows that the team has maintained a focus on the projects mission related to the selection of a professional to work at St Patricks College (Stupans, 2013). The aspect of collective responsibility has been dominant in guiding the team working while completing the project of St Patricks College.My role within the team especially during the selection process was quite flexible because I had an opportunity to search various aspects of that particular process. What I have done well was to outline briefly the personal qualities required for the position of a security manager/supervisor (Adams, Cain and Giraud, 2012). I demonstrated a proper knowledge of the job role as well as presented specific skills in organising important job roles and responsibilities. Moreover, I illustrated adequate communication and teamwork skills that have contributed to the successful completion o f the project. I was able to work with culturally diverse individuals and lead them thence (Sohmen, 2013).However, I could have done better in improving my knowledge of specific aspects of security policies, rules and regulations pertaining to the job position. I could have taken my time to explore each of these aspects in detail in order to provide a better understanding of the specificity of the profession, which could have helped me focus on selecting the right candidates (Adams et al., 2012). Although I conceive I have good skills in assessing peoples potential in a particular field, I need to do more research on this topic to improve my own capacity of working with and leading culturally diverse individuals (Tiffan, 2014). I could have also improved my cultural sensory faculty considering the highly diverse workforce of the educational institution. In conclusion, this task has been completed successfully because of the focus on teamwork at all stage of the process.Task 4 Dis cussion of the main pecuniary bids of a partyThere are three key components involved in the financial affirmations of a guild, which are a wampum and qualifying statement, isotropy mainsheet, and cash flow statement. All the key components are used as a whole, to provide a clear exhibit of the financial position and financial results of a company (Parker, 2009). A structure designed for each of the financial statements is considered the most important element, though the influential decision depends on the requirements of the user. The key point supporting the importance of the profit and issue statement is that it is one of the most important financial statements and users like to observe the financial statements of a company, since it has the capability to help users or jobes generate profit by examining the over financial report (Buffett and Clark, 2008). In addition, the culture inserted in the profit/ exit statement is mostly released in the applicable currency, so it can provide a reasonable level of accuracy. Though, profit/loss does not show the summate of assets and liabilities required by a company to generate a profit (Parker, 2009). Moreover, its financial results are not necessarily associated with the total cash flows generated by a company. The accuracy of this statement can be suspected when the cash basic of the accounting method is used. It is important to focus on ensuring accuracy as part of the broad purpose of accounting. Thus, the profit/loss statement, when utilised, can be fairly misleading.Balance sheet is expected to be positioned at a second place by many users, since it does not provide the financial results of business operations, and some of the information provided in it may be based on past business costs (Kalsyte and Verikas, 2013). This makes the proportionality sheet report less instructive or informative. However, the balance sheet is considered to have importance when compared with the profit/loss statement, since this sheet provides the fare of investment requirement to maintain the sales and profits shown on the profit/loss statement (Buffett and Clark, 2008).The third most important component of financial statement is cash flow, because it mainly focuses on recording cash inflows and outflows (Parker, 2009). This financial report provides a clearer analysis of a companys cash flows than the profit/loss statement, which can sometimes present unbiased results, particularly when accruals are authorised under the growth basis of accounting (Palea, 2014).It is essential to understand the concept of the balance sheet, as it provides a companys financial situation at any period of time, while a profit/loss statement provides a companys overall financial performance within a set period of time. The profit/loss statement normally shows a companys financial performance over a period, such as being released every year or after six months (Parker, 2009). On the other hand, the balance sheet gi ves a snap shot of the financial position accurately at the year-end or month-end. Finance managers rely on the balance sheet statements to examine whether purchasing certain equipment on debt is the right choice for a company at that time (Palea, 2014). The balance sheet also provides the owners equity for instance, it indicates the total value of the inventory and the number of a companys shares identified as outstanding.The profit/loss statement is one of the most important documents because it plays a significant role in a companys decision making process. The profit/loss statement is an end result of the financial information that is provided in the journals and ledgers, and then changed into brief, summarised, compiled revenue and expense structures (Bao, Li, Wu, Zhu et al., 2014). This statement shows the overall revenues and expenses of a company for a set period of time. elderly managers and shareholders can find prosperity of valuable information on the profit/loss state ment including the companys overall sales, profits, retained internet, net profits, and in operation(p) earnings. From this information, finance experts can determine and distinguish vital information about a companys performance. Profit/loss statements usually give information for more than one period, for example two successive years (Buffett and Clark, 2008). It is simple to compare the financial results from one period to the next and conclude trends in earnings and expenditures. Whereas, cash flow statement is considered to be the most crucial element for any enterprises financial performance. It calculates the amount of capital that enters into a company and out of it over a specified time period. In this way, an enterprise is able to analyse and control how much capital it has in inflow to net expenses and purchase assets.There is a difference existing in the structure of financial statements (profit/loss statement and balance sheet) for different types of business, such as restore trader, partnership and private/public particular(a) company. Each company has different financial and economical positions so they use different financial statements with different structures that gratify their financial positions (Bao et al., 2014). The financial statements gather the financial information from the sales and services provided and include the net taxable profit or loss for each month. distinguishable types of business use different structures. For a sole proprietor, the financial statement is easy and simple because the financial report is just provided for the proprietor of the company. This means that it does not have to provide any balance sheet and profit/loss statement (Parker, 2009). The report just needs to provide or to show profit and loss financial information, whereas a private limited and public limited company, which has to organise its report based on accounting standards. There are two types mostly used by companies international fina ncial reporting standard (IFRS) and generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP). If financial statements are not structured based on standards it is complicated to evaluate and compare performance with that of other companies. For a partnership, the financial structure is focused on providing the profit/dividend and total role by partners in the investment capital of a company (Ronen, 2006). The objective of the financial statement is revealed in the balance sheet, profit/loss, cash flow and loss statement.When creating financial statements, the profit/loss statement would typically be structured first because the net profit or loss becomes a part of the statement in the balance sheet, or in a partners capital. Moreover, the end of a partners capital statement becomes a part of the balance sheet (Parker, 2009). The financial statement is focused on examining the total capital and profits of a company that are distributed inside its structure. For a public and private limited co mpany, the financial statement must provide the following components current assets, non-current assets, current liabilities, total sales, total profits, payable, dividends, and share prices (Ronen, 2006).ReferencesAdams, B. L., Cain, H. R. and Giraud, V. (2012). Leadership, Motivation, and Teamwork Behaviors of Principal Investigators in interdisciplinary Teams A Synthesis of Research. Journal of Leadership Education, vol. 11(2), pp. 176-191.Bao, C., Li, J., Wu, D., Zhu, X., Liang, C. and Liu, C. (2014). Optimization of Integrated Risk in Commercial Banking Based on Financial Statements. Procedia Computer Science, vol. 31, pp. 501-510.Buffett, M. and Clark, D. (2008). rabbit warren Buffett and the Interpretation of Financial Statements The Search for the Company with a Durable Competitive Advantage. New York Scribner.Kalsyte, Z. And Verikas, A. (2013). A Novel Approach to Exploring Companys Financial wisdom Investors Perspective. Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 40(13), pp. 5085-5092.Pacios, A. R. and de la Fuente, G. (2013). Teamwork and Leadership in a Virtual Learning Environment. RUSC Revista de Universidad y Sociedad del Conocimiento, vol. 10(2), pp. 358-374.Palea, V. (2014). Are IFRS Value-Relevant for Separate Financial StatementsEvidence from the Italian Stock Market. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, vol. 23(1), pp. 1-17.Parker, R. H. (2009). Understanding Company Financial Statements. New York Penguin Books.Reevy, G. M., Chamberlain, C. J. and Stein, J. (2013). Identifying Collaboration, Teamwork, and Leadership Practices on Campus. Currents in Teaching & Learning, vol. 6(1), pp. 4-17.Ronen, J. (2006). A Proposed Corporate nerve Reform Financial Statements Insurance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, vol. 23, pp. 130-146.Sohmen, V. S. (2013). Leadership and Teamwork Two Sides of the Same Coin. Journal of Information Technology & Economic growing, vol. 4(2), pp. 1-18.Stupans, I. (2013). Development o f Contemporary Leadership Capacity through Teamwork in an Online Environment A Pilot Study. International Journal of Teaching & Learning in higher(prenominal) Education, vol. 25(2), pp. 262-268.Tiffan, B. (2014). The Art of Team Leadership. Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, vol. 15, pp. 799-801.

Deception Point Page 7

Gabrielle ran a hand through her straightened black hair. I hear the White House campaign staff is as humbled as we atomic number 18. The chairperson is offering no explanation for his vanishing act, and everyone over there is furious.Any theories? sacristan asked.Gabrielle gazed at him over her scholarly glasses. As it turns out, I got roughly interesting data this morning from a contact of mine in the White House.sacristan recognized the look in her eyes. Gabrielle Ashe had scored some insider information again. Sexton wondered if she were giving some presidential aide backseat blow jobs in exchange for campaign secrets. Sexton didnt care so long as the information unbroken coming.Rumor has it, his assistant said, lowering her voice, the Presidents strange behavior all started last week after an emergency private briefing with the administrator of NASA. Apparently the President emerged from the meeting looking dazed. He immediately cleared his schedule, and hes been in close c ontact with NASA ever since.Sexton certainly liked the sound of that. You think by chance NASA delivered some to a greater extent bad news?Seems a logical explanation, she said hopefully. Although it would have to be pretty critical to make the President drop everything.Sexton considered it. Obviously, whatever was going on with NASA had to be bad news. Otherwise the President would throw it in my face. Sexton had been pounding the President pretty hard on NASA funding lately. The space agencys fresh string of failed missions and gargantuan budget overruns had earned NASA the dubious honor of becoming Sextons unofficial poster child against big brass over spend and inefficiency. Admittedly, attacking NASA one of the most prominent symbols of American pride was not the way most politicians would think of winning votes, but Sexton had a subdivision few other politicians had Gabrielle Ashe. And her impeccable instincts.The savvy young woman had come to Sextons attention several months ago when she was working as a coordinator in Sextons majuscule campaign office. With Sexton trailing badly in the primary polls and his message of government overspending falling on deaf ears, Gabrielle Ashe wrote him a note suggesting a radical new campaign angle. She told the senator he should attack NASAs huge budget overruns and continued White House bailouts as the quintessential example of President Herneys slipshod overspending.NASA is costing Americans a fortune, Gabrielle wrote, including a list of financial figures, failures, and bailouts. Voters have no idea. They would be horrified. I think you should make NASA a political issue.Sexton groaned at her naivete. Yeah, and while Im at it, Ill rail against singing the national anthem at baseball games.In the weeks that followed, Gabrielle continued to send information closely NASA across the senators desk. The more Sexton read, the more he realized this young Gabrielle Ashe had a point. Even by government agency sta ndards, NASA was an astounding money pit expensive, inefficient, and, in recent years, grossly incompetent.One afternoon Sexton was doing an on-air interview about education. The host was pressing Sexton about where he would find funding for his promised overhaul of earth schools. In response, Sexton decided to test Gabrielles NASA theory with a fractional-joking response. Money for education? he said. Well, maybe Ill cut the space program in half. I figure if NASA can spend fifteen gazillion a year in space, I should be able to spend seven and a half billion on the kids here on earth.In the transmission booth, Sextons campaign managers gasped in horror at the careless remark. After all, entire campaigns had been sunk by far less than taking a potshot at NASA. Instantly, the phone lines at the radio station lit up. Sextons campaign managers cringed the space patriots were circling for the kill.Then something unexpected happened. cardinal billion a year? the first caller said, so unding shocked. With a B? Are you telling me that my sons math class is overcrowded because schools cant afford enough teachers, and NASA is spending fifteen billion dollars a year taking pictures of space dust?Um thats right, Sexton said warily.Absurd Does the President have the power to do something about that?Absolutely, Sexton replied, gaining confidence. A President can veto the budget request of any agency he or she deems overfunded.Then you have my vote, Senator Sexton. Fifteen billion for space research, and our kids dont have teachers. Its outrageous Good luck, sir. I hope you go all the way.The next caller came on the line. Senator, I just read that NASAs external Space Station is way overbudget and the President is thinking of giving NASA emergency funding to keep the project going. Is that true?Sexton jumped at this one. True He explained that the space station was originally proposed as a joint venture, with twelve countries sharing the costs. But after construction beg an, the stations budget spiraled wildly out of control, and galore(postnominal) countries dropped out in disgust. Rather than scrapping the project, the President decided to cover everyones expenses. Our cost for the ISS project, Sexton announced, has risen from the proposed eight billion to a staggering one light speed billion dollarsThe caller sounded furious. Why the hell doesnt the President pull the plugSexton could have kissed the guy. Damn good question. Unfortunately, one third of the building supplies are already in orbit, and the President spent your tax dollars putting them there, so pulling the plug would be admitting he made a multibillion-dollar blunder with your money.The calls unbroken coming. For the first time, it seemed Americans were waking up to the idea that NASA was an option not a national fixture.When the show was over, with the exception of a few NASA diehards calling in with touching overtures about mans eternal quest for knowledge, the consensus was i n Sextons campaign had stumbled onto the holy grail of campaigning a new hot button a yet untapped controversial issue that struck a nerve with voters.In the weeks that followed, Sexton trounced his opponents in five crucial primaries. He announced Gabrielle Ashe as his new individual(prenominal) campaign assistant, praising her for her work in bringing the NASA issue to the voters. With the wave of a hand, Sexton had made a young African-American woman a rising political star, and the issue of his racist and sexist voting record disappeared overnight.Now, as they sat together in the limousine, Sexton knew Gabrielle had yet again turn up her worth. Her new information about last weeks secret meeting between the NASA administrator and the President certainly suggested more NASA troubles were brewing perhaps another untaught pulling funding from the space station.As the limousine passed the Washington Monument, Senator Sexton could not help but feel he had been anointed by desti ny.8 disdain having ascended to the most powerful political office in the world, President Zachary Herney was average in height, with a slender build and narrow shoulders. He had a lentiginous face, bifocals, and thinning black hair. His unimposing physique, however, stood in stark contrast to the almost princely love the man commanded from those who knew him. It was said that if you met Zach Herney once, you would walk to the ends of the earth for him.So happy you could make it, President Herney said, reaching out to shake Rachels hand. His grasp was warm and sincere.Rachel fought the frog in her throat. Of course, Mr. President. An honor to meet you.

Mumbai attacks Essay

INTRODUCTIONThe day of 26th November, 2008 would have been as everyday and pleasant as any other day for Mumbai but the little threat barrages by the members of net ball, con statusred as terrorist organisation by India, who wreaked havoc in the Indias largest city. thither were ten gunmen, nine of whom were subsequently shot dead and one captured by security measures forces. Witnesses reported that they looked to be in their archeozoic twenties, wore black t-shirts and jeans, and that they smiled and looked happy as they shot their victims. It was initially reported that some of the attackers were British citizens, but the Indian disposal ulterior stated that in that respect was no evidence to confirm this.Similarly, early reports of twelve gunmen were also later shown to be incorrect. On December 9, the ten attackers were determine by Mumbai law, along with their home towns in Pakistan Ajmal ameer from Faridkot, Abu Ismail Dera Ismail caravan inn from Dera Ismail Khan, Hafiz Arshad and Babr Imran from Multan, Javed from Okara, Shoaib from Narowal, Nazih and Nasr fromFaisalabad, Abdul Rahman from Arifwalla, and Fahad Ullah from Dipalpur Taluka. Dera Ismail Khan is in the North-West Frontier Province the rest of the towns are in Pakistani Punjab.Ajmal Kasab was the only attacker captured alive by police and is currently downstairs arrest. Much of the information about the attackers preparation, travel, and movements comes from his confessions to the Mumbai police.Mohammed Ajmal emeer Kasab was born on July 13, 1987. He briefly joined his brother in Lahore, who worked as a labourer, and thusly returned to Faridkot. He left home later on a fight with his father in 2005. He had asked for new clothes on Eid, but his father could not grant them, which made him angry. He then became involved in petty crime with his friend Muzaffar Lal Khan, soon pitiable on to build up robbery. On Dec 21, 2007, Bakr-Eid day, they were in Rawalpindi trying to buy we apons when they encountered members of Jamaat-ud-Dawah, the political wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba, distributing pamphlets. After a brief chat, they decide to sign up for readiness with the Lashkar-e-Taiba, ending up at their innovation camp, Markaz Taiba. According to De entrapy Commissioner of Mumbai practice of law he spoke rough Hindi and barely anyEnglish. Some sources express his father asked him to join the war-ridden group, Lashkar-e-Taiba so that he could use the money they gave him to run the family. When asked about this, Ajmal Amirs father told reporters, I dont sell my sons.Even David Coleman Headley is burthend for scouting the locations for 2008 Mumbai terror attacks by Laskar-e-Taiba. He is alleged by FBI for conspiring to bomb targets in Mumbai, India providing material support to Lashkar-i-Taiba, a militant Pakistani Islamist group and aiding and abetting the remove of U.S. citizens.TrainingAjmal Amir is alleged to be among a group of 24 men who received trainin g in marine warfare at a remote camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Part of the training is reported to have taken place on the Mangla Dam reservoir.Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, a precedential commander of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, reportedly offered to pay his family Rs.150,000 for his participation in the attacks. Another report tell the 21-year old man was recruited from his Punjab, Pakistan home in part based on a pledge by recruiters to pay USD $1,250 US (Rs. 62,412.50) to his family when he became a martyr. Other sources put the reward to USD $4,000.Stages of trainingThis batch of 25 went finished the pastime stages of training Psychological Indoctrination to Islamist propaganda, including compiled footage of Indian atrocities in Jammu & Kashmir, and imagery of the atrocities suffered by Muslims in India, Chechnya, Palestine and across the globe. Basic Combat Lashkars basic combat and terror methodology course,the Daura Aam. Advanced Training Selected t o on a lower floor(a)go sophisticated specialised training at a camp near Mansehra, a course the organisation calls the Daura Khaas. This includes advanced weapons and explosives training supervised by retired personnel of the Pakistan Army, along with survival training and further indoctrination. Finally, an even smaller group selected for specialised marine commando and piece of reportplaning training shedn to the fidayeen unit selected to target Mumbai.From the batch of about 25, 10 were handpicked for the Mumbai mission. They also received training in swimming and sailing, besides the use of high-end weapons and explosives under the supervision of allow commanders. According to a media report citing an unnamed former Defence Department Official of the US, the intelligence agencies of the US had determined that the former officers from Pakistans Army and Inter-Services Intelligence agency assisted actively and continuously in training. They were given up blueprints of all the four targets Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Oberoi Trident hotel and Nariman kinfolk.The type of training which he got whole washed his brain and it was enough to make him think only of destruction and only destruction. Feeling of hatred incited him against India to that level that he only wanted to drink down Indians and to destroy India. Pakistanis give these terrorist institutions the name of militant organisations to hide these from the eyes of the world but these are recognised as terrorist groups in India, USA and UK. These institutions give militant training to those individuals who do not have sufficient money and gradually prepare them as a militant terrorist in the name of jihad.ATTACKS compliance into IndiaAccording to investigations the attackers traveled by sea from Karachi, Pakistan across the Arabian Sea, hijacked the Indian angle trawler Kuber, killing the crew of four, and then forced the captain to sail to Mumbai. After killing the captain, the terrorists ente red Mumbai on a rubber dinghy. The captain of Kuber, Amar Singh Solanki, had earlier been imprisoned for six months in a Pakistani jail for illegally fishing in Pakistani waters.The first events were detailed around 2000 Indian Standard Time (IST) on 26 November, when 10 Urdu-speaking men in expansive speedboats came ashore at two locations in Colaba. They reportedly told local Marathi-speaking fishermen who asked them who they were to mind their own business sooner they split up and headed two different ways. The fishermens subsequent report to police received little response.Involvement in AttackHe was captured on CCTV during his attacks at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus along with another terrorist, Ismail Khan. Ajmal Amir reportedly told the police that they wanted to replicate theIslamabad Marriott hotel attack, and reduce the Taj Hotel to rubble, replicating the 9/11 attacks in India.Ajmal Amir and his accomplice Abu Dera Ismail Khan, age 25, attacked the Chhatrapati Shivaji T erminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) railway station. They then moved on to attack a police vehicle (a white Toyota Qualis) at Cama Hospital, in which senior Mumbai police officers (Maharashtra ATS Chief Hemant Karkare, Encounter fussyist Vijay Salaskar and redundant Commissioner of Mumbai Police Ashok Kamte) were traveling. After killing them in a gun battle and taking two constables hostage in the Qualis, Ajmal Amir and Ismail Khan drove towards thermionic valve cinema.Ajmal Amir joked about the bullet proof vests worn by the police and killed one constable when his mobile phone rang. They shoot some shots into a bear on gathered at Metro Cinema. They then drove towards Vidhan Bhavan where they fired a few much shots. Their vehicle had a tire puncture, sothey stole a silver koda Laura and drove towards Girgaum Chowpatty.Earlier, the D B Marg police had got a message from police control at about 10pm, saying that two heavily armed men were at large later on gunning down comm uters at CST. 15 policemen from D B Marg were sent to Chowpatty where they set up a double lug on Marine Drive armed with 2 self-loading rifles (SLRs), two revolvers and lathis (or batons).The Skoda reached Chowpatty and halted 40 to 50 feet from the barricade. It then reversed and tried to make a U-turn. A shootout ensued and Abu Ismail was killed. Ajmal lay motionless playing dead. Assistant sub-inspector Tukaram Omble, who was armed only with a lathi(gapp), was killed when the police charged the car. Umbale took five bullets, but held on to Ajmals weapon, enable his colleagues to capture him alive. A mob gathered and attacked the two terrorists. This incident was captured on video.Some reports said that Ajmal Amir was shot and had bullet wounds in his hand or both hands. There are other reports by doctors who treated him that he had no bullet wounds.While it is reported that he told the police that he was trained to kill to the cultivation breath, when he was arrested, he plea ded with the medical staff I do not want to die. Put me on saline. Later, after interrogation in the hospital by the police, he said Now, I do not want to live, requesting the interrogators to kill him for the safety of his family in Pakistan who could be killed or rack for his surrender to Indian police. Fidayeen terrorists are strictly instructed by Lashkar commanders not to be captured and interrogated, use aliases instead of their real names and hide their nationality.He is also quoted as saying I have done right, I have no regrets. Reports also surfaced that the group planned to escape safely after the attack, ruling out this being a suicide mission. It is also reported that he expressed to Indian police his willingness to switch loyalties, saying If you give me regular meals and money I will do the same that I did for them.Ajmal Amir has told interrogators that right by the fighting, the Lashkar headquarters from Karachi, Pakistan remained in touch with the group, calling th eir phones through a voice-over-internet service. Investigators have succeeded in reconstructing the groups journey through the Garmin GPS set that has been seized from him. The mail sent from a bogus group calling itself the Deccan mujahideen claiming responsibility has been traced to a Russian proxy which was then traced back to Lahore, Pakistan with the help of the FBI. It was in fact the Lashkar-e-Toiba operating under an alternate name after being banned by U.S.MethodologyThe attackers had planned the attack several months ahead of time and knew some areas rise enough for the attackers to vanish, and re pop out after security forces had left. Several sources have quoted Kasab telling the police that the group received help from Mumbai residents. The attackers used at least three SIM cards purchased on the Indian side of the border with Bangladesh, pointing to some local collusion. There were also reports of one SIM card purchased in New Jersey, USA.Police had also mentioned t hat Faheem Ansari, an Indian Lashkar operative who had been arrested in February 2008, had scouted the Mumbai targets for the November attacks. Later, the police arrested two Indian suspects, Mikhtar Ahmad, who is from Srinagar in Kashmir, and Tausif Rehman, a resident of Kolkata. They supplied the SIM cards, one in Calcutta, and the other in New Delhi.Type 86 Grenades made by chinas state-owned Norinco were used in the attacks. Blood tests on the attackers indicate that they had taken cocaine and LSD during the attacks, to sustain their energy and stay awake for 50 hours. Police say that they found syringes on the scenes of the attacks. There were also indications that they had been taking steroids. The gunman who survived said that the attackers had used Google Earth to familiarise themselves with the locations of buildings used in the attacks.DISPUTE ON NATIONALITYDisputeThere was a dispute on the matter regarding the issue of nationality of Ajmal Kasab in the mash. After the a ttacks, India asserted that Ajmal was a Pakistani national based on his confession and evidence gathered due to the information provided by him.Several reporters visited the village in Pakistan where Ajmal Amir said his family lived, and verified the facts provided by him. Former Pakistan anthesis Minister, Nawaz Sharif confirmed that Ajmal Amir was from Faridkot village in Pakistan, and criticized President Zardari for cordoning off the village and not allowing his parents to view anyone.Investigative journalist Saeed Shah travelled to Ajmal Amirs village and produced national identity card numbers of his parents, Mohammed Amir and Noor Elahi soon after they themselves disappeared on the darkness of December 3, 2008.Also, the Mumbai Police said that much of the information that Ajmal Amir provided had proved to be accurate. He disclosed the location of a fishing trawler, MV Kuber, that the terrorists used to enter Mumbais coastal waters. He also told investigators where they wou ld discovery the ship captains body, a satellite phone and a global-positioning device, which they did.Despite mounting evidence, Pakistani officials, including President Asif Ali Zardari, initially denied the assertion that Ajmal Amir was Pakistani. Pakistani government officials attempted to erase evidence that there was a Lashkar-e-Taiba office in Deepalpur, near Kasabs village. The office was hurriedly closed in the week of December 7. Moreover, at Faridkot many residents and local plainclothes police appeared to be trying to hurriedly cover up Ajmal Amirs connection with the village. The cash dispenser turned hostile, and several reporters who went to Faridkot were roughed up. In early December, dealing a major blow to Pakistans claims, Ajmal Amirs father admitted in an interview that the captured terrorist was hisson.In January 2009, a month after the attacks, Pakistans national security advisor Mahmud Ali Durrani admitted to Ajmal Amir being a Pakistani citizen while speaki ng to the CNN-IBN news channel. The Pakistan Government then hastily acknowledged that Ajmal was a Pakistani, but also announced that Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani had fired Durrani for failing to take Gilani and other stakeholders into confidence forrader making this information public, and for a lack of coordination on matters of national security. This is a satire on the administrative system of Pakistan.Kasabs confession on acresalityThe statement made by the Pakistani minister was contradicted by their own official and even Kasab. Kasab even admitted before the court that he is a Pakistani and operate to Faridkot in Pakistan. Kasab accepted before the endeavor judge that he was a Pakistani national and told the court that he is fine with government-provided lawyer to defend him.Kasab appeared before special judge M L Tahiliyani via video link from the Arthur Road jail where he is presently lodged in a high security carrell giving the media the first glimpse of the su rviving terrorist who along with his nine accomplices were involved in the carnage.Tahiliyani asked Kasab to identify himself and asked him where he was from. Kasab replied that he was from Faridkot, in Pakistans Punjab province.LEGAL proceedingKasabs confessionPakistani terrorist Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab, in his dramatic confession before a special court Monday, said that he was a fashion designer by profession but since his income was little, he was attracted to jehad (holy war).Through some contacts, he came in touch with the terror group Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and later underwent training under Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, Abu Hamza, Abu Kafa and Abu Jhundal, the masterminds of the Nov 26, 2008, Mumbai terror attacks, at a place called Battal in Pakistan.Recounting how he joined terrorism, Kasab said he worked with Haji Sultan as a small-time decorator in Jhelum in Punjab province. It was a month before the Bakr-Eid festival, that co-worker Muzaffar and he spoke of how they were not making enough money from the work. Muzaffar suggested that they could pimp in thefts or dacoity to make more money.While on a visit to Rawalpindi, Kasab had approached some LeT activists whom they located in the Raja market. I told them that I wanted to become a jehadi. One of them enquired about where we stayed and asked us to bring our belongings there.Another accompanied us with a piece of paper on which Markaz Taiba Murqui was written and gave us some money, he said.There they met more boys and joined them. After 21 days, Kasab was sent to Mansera, and then to Mankheda Aksa. Later, all the boys were taken to a hilly place called Battal where they were trained to operate pistols, guns, AK-47s and other weapons for 21 days. Later, they were sent to Daura Khaas for three months.Kasab said three people trained them Abu Ansa, Abu Basheer and Abu Abdul Rehman. From Battal, he travelled to Azad Kashmir, the Pakistan-administered Kashmir, where he met Sayeed.All the boys were taken to another camp and trained for three months by Abu Maviya, Abu Saiful Rehman, Abu Talaah and Abu Sariya. Here they learnt to operate rocket launchers, grenades and other deadly weapons.Later, Kasab said, he was given a weeks break to go home. Upon return, Sayeed, Abu Hamza and Abu Kafa selected some of the boys to go to Kashmir.They also learnt swimming from Abu Imran and were for a month taken to Karachi, where they were trained to get acclimatised to the sea. They returned to Muzaffarabad in PoK, were given identity cards and clothes which they wore on the day of the Mumbai terror attacks.Kasab and Abu Ismail were the first to get out after landing at Colaba in south Mumbai that evening. They hailed a cab to go to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (CST), as instructed by Hamza and left one bomb in the jade and another at CST. After entering the CST, they receptive fire as instructed by Hamza Ismail lobbed grenades inside the station premises and opened fire from his AK-47.The duo kee p backd fire and throwing grenades at regular intervals and embraced moving ahead even as the security forces started confronting them and later surrounded them.Seeing little or no retaliation from the stunned police forces that night, the duo dogged to take the CST subway, but Ismail beckoned him to go to Platform No. 1 where a train was waiting. They continued moving ahead in the direction of the bridge at the end of the station.They tried to force open some vehicles parked outside in a small lane. They sawing machine a person coming from the polar direction and Kasab killed him. Ismail started firing ahead and the duo jumped a short wall there and entered one of the wards of Cama Hospital.Ismail asked Kasab to wait at the hospital gate and he went inside, firing and later led him in. As they went inside, Kasab held a person as a shield after the police forces confronted them. They started firing and throwing grenades, outside the main gate they fired at a car and encountered firing from a jeep nearby. They hid behind a bush and later dragged out the limp bodies of three policemen and hijacked the jeep to go towards the Metro cinema junction.It was in Cama Hospital that Kasab and Ismail gunned down Anti-TerroristSquad (ATS) chief Hemant Karkare and his associate Vijay Salaskar. They also killed another senior police official, Additional Commissioner of Police Ashok Kamte, before hijacking the police jeep.However, they kept moving in circles and by then, the jeep had developed a flat tyre. Kasab was also injured on his right shove and left wrist and pleaded that he could not do anything more.Ismail urged him on and said that even he had sustained a bullet on his knee. Then they saw a Skoda car, they ordered the passengers a couple, to stop, forcibly took the keys from them and took the vehicle, blindly following another car as they did not know where to proceed.At a point on the road (Girgaum Chowpatty), they saw a police barricade, and when they were ordered to stop, Ismail attempted to take a u-turn on the road, but failed. The police rushed towards them and dragged out Kasab and hammered him with a baton, snatched his gun and attacked him in the tummy with the butt.Kasab claimed that he did not fire at anyone at that juncture and had lost consciousness. When he revived, he found himself at Nair Hospital, under arrest by the Mumbai police.TRIALChargesheetIndian investigators filed a formal 11,000 page Chargesheet against Kasab on 25 February 2009. Due to the fact that the chargesheet was written in Marathi and English, Kasab had requested that an Urdu deracination of the charge sheet be given to him. Kasab has been charged with murder, conspiracy and waging war against India along with other crimes. His trial was to have started on April 15 but was put off as his lawyer, Anjali Waghmare, had been dismissed for a involvement of interest. He has gotten a new lawyer named Abbas Kazmi. On 28 April, he wrote a letter through his l awyer to the magistraterequesting a perfume bottle, a toothpaste, Urdu Times newspaper and permission to walk in the adjacent varandah alongside his barack. He also requested the court to deposit the amount (given to him by the terrorists) seized from him by police into his jail account.Time line of ProceedingsOn 26 Nov 2008, Ujjwal Nikam was appointed as Public Prosecutor.In Jan 2009, M L Tahiliyani was appointed as judge to conduct the trial.In Feb 2009, an 11,000-page charge sheet was served on Kasab.In Mar 2009, advocate Anjali Waghmare was appointed as Kasabs lawyer. Kasab appeared through video-conferencing.In Apr 2009, Waghmare was removed as Kasabs lawyer. Abbas Kazmi was appointed as defence lawyer in mid-April. Trial began on April 17, 2009.On 20 Apr 2009, the prosecution submitted a list of charges, including the murder of 166 people.On 6 May 2009 Kasab pleaded not guilty to 86 charges.In May 2009, an eye witness identified Kasab in court. Another said he saw Kasab and ni ne others arrive by boat. Two doctors who treated him, identified him.On 2 June 2009, Kasab told the judge he now also understood Marathi.In June 2009, the special court issued non-bailable warrants against 22 absconding accused including Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD) chief Hafeez Saeed and chief of operations of Lashkar-e-Toiba, Zaki-ur-Rehman Laqvi.On 20 July 2009 Kasab retracted his non-guilty plea and pleaded guilty to allcharges, but his trial will continue.Visiting US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in an interview with Thai publication The Nation during the ASEAN conference in Phuket in July 2009 that had Kasab been educated, he wouldnt have been a terrorist.On 18 December 2009, Kasab says he is innocent, he was framed and tortured by Indian Police. In a surprising U-turn he claims to have come to Mumbai 20 days ago and was simply roaming at Juhu beach when police arrested him. expound of proceedingsAjmal Amir has written to the Pakistani High Commission in India requesting he lp and legal aid. In the letter, he confirmed the nationality of himself and the nine slain terrorists as Pakistani. He also asked the Pakistani High Commission to take custody of the body of fellow terrorist Ismail Khan, who was killed in an encounter in south Mumbai on the night of November 26. Pakistani officials confirmed the receipt of the letter and were reported to be studying its details. However, no further updates were given on the matter by Pakistan.Kasabs trial was delayed due to legal issues, as many Indian lawyers were unwilling to pay him. A Mumbai Bar Association passed a resolution proclaiming that none of its members would represent Kasab. However, the Chief Justice of India stated that Kasab ask a lawyer for a fair trial. A lawyer for Kasab was eventually found, but was replaced due to a conflict of interest. On February 25, 2009, Indian investigators filed an 11,000-page Chargesheet, formally charging Kasab with murder, conspiracy, and waging war against India among other charges. Kasabs trial began on 6 May 2009. He initially pleaded not guilty, but later admitted his guilt on 20 July 2009.He initially apologized for the attacks and claimed that he deserved the death penalty for his crimes, but later retracted these claims, saying that he had been tortured by police to force his confession, and that he had been arrested while roaming the beach. The court had accepted his plea, but due to the lack of completeness within his admittance, the judgehad deemed that many of the 86 charges were not addressed and therefore the trial will continue. Kasab could, and will almost certainly, be hanged if given the maximum penalty of death.Indian and Pakistani police have transfer DNA evidence, photographs and items found with the attackers to piece together a detailed portrait of the Mumbai plot. Police in Pakistan have arrested seven people, including Hammad Amin Sadiq, a homeopathic pharmacist, who arranged depose accounts and secured supplies, an d he and six others begin their formal trial on 3 Oct 2009 in Pakistan, though Indian authorities say the prosecution stops well short of top Lashkar leaders. In November 2009, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh said that Pakistan has not done enough to bring the perpetrators of the attacks to justice. On the eve of the first anniversary of 26/11, a Pakistani anti-terror court has formally charged seven accused, including LeT operations commander Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi.Ujjawal Nikam, public prosecutor in the matter of Kasab, said there was ample evidence to show Kasab and the two arrested accused, Faheem Ansari and Sabauddin Ahmed, were part of the conspiracy hatched in Pakistan to strike terror in the financial capital. He said foreign experts would be examined but their names and addresses should be kept secret. Nikam also said that further investigations in this case were on and supplementary chargesheet would be filed later.Special Public Prosecutor Ujjwal Nikam told the court that Kasab, the prime accused in the case, would be charged with murder of 166 persons in the attack unleashed by Pakistan-based terror outfit LeT on November 26, 2008 here. Although he was not outright involved in killing all 166 persons, Kasab was an active member of conspiracy hatched in Pakistan to commit terror attacks in India, Nikam said in his brief preliminary address to open the case. Kazmi who had earlier defend to 30 accused in the 1993 Mumbai serial bomb sprout trial, told the court he was willing to defend Kasab.Nikam said 1,820 witnesses had been cited but only potential among them will be examined. Prosecution would place 750 articles and 1350 documents asevidence. Nikam told the court that Kasab was directly involved in seven different cases of terror attacks.These pertain to murder of five crew of Kuber boat, including its navigator Amar Singh Solanki, bomb blast in a taxi at suburban Vile Parle, firing at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Cama Hospital firing attac k, killing of three police officers near Cama Hospital and theft of Skoda car and attack on police team near Chowpatty, he said. In all these cases, Kasab was involved with co-conspirator Ismail Khan, who was killed in police encounter near Chowpatty, Nikam alleged.He said there are five other cases in which Kasab has been charged with murder conspiracy, although he had not directly participated in them. These are firing in Hotel Taj Mahal, Hotel Oberoi, Restaurant Leopold Cafe, Nariman House and bomb explosion in a taxi at Mazgaon.The court took on record advocate Ejaz Naqvi as defence counsel for Faheem Ansari and Ahmed. Since Naqvi did not appear in morning session and Faheem sought time to appoint another lawyer, the court asked Faheems wife to call Naqvi to the court. Later, he came and told the court that he would continue to defend Faheem.Demanded trial by International CourtThe alleged gunman in the 2008 bloody siege of Mumbai said he should be tried by an international cour t because he does not expect justice in India.Mohammed Ajmal Kasab, 21, told a special court that police had falsely implicated him in the case.I should be tried in an international court, he told Judge M.L. Tahiliyani.Earlier Kasab retracted his confession that he sprayed gunfire into a crowd at the line station. He also said police tortured him into admitting having a role in the attacks.Kasab also said thathe wanted to call witnesses from Pakistan for his defense, and that he should be allowed to meet Pakistani officials. Witnesses would include a passport officer, he said, without providing other details.The judge asked him to file a petition through his attorney.Kasab could face the death penalty if yard birded. executing and conspiracy to wage war against India are among the charges he faces.Kasab told the judge he came to Mumbai as a tourist and was arrested 20 days before the siege began.On the day the attacks started, Kasab said police took him from his cell because he r esembled one of the gunmen. They then shot him to make it look as if he had been involved in the attacks and re-arrested him, Kasab said. compendiumIt is mockery of the Indian Judicial formation that even the charge is proved on the convict but the trail is going on. In the month of July last year the convict pleaded guilty of all the charges, but the Judge said that the other 86 cases have not been addressed therefore the trial should continue and in the month of September he again told the court that he was forced to plead for guilty by the Indian police. Has anyone think over it that if the verdict would have been given as soon as he pleaded guilty what would happen?Such kinds of questions were raised, and will raise on Indian Judicial System if it will continue to follow such kind of path. The Court should has given its verdict on the basis of the evidences produced by the public, eye witnesses and moreover the acceptance of the charge by the convict. The other matters could ha ve been addressed later on. Even there was news that Kasab giggle over the question asked by the judge and made dramatic play of it. This is a satire on the discipline of the courts.The judge has to order him tobehave in the court. This clearly shows that giving a chance of fair trial to convict made him to perceive as nothing is going to happen to him for the next ten years. People have such kind of mentality towards the Judicial System. If a suit has been filed in a court then the guilty has nothing to do with it for many years.Our Judicial System needs changes. This system has to be toss out and a new system should be introduced. Indian Police is not required to file a charge sheet of 11,000 pages and judges are needed not to give judgements running through thousand of pages. A simple and logical statement is sufficient for the parties involved in it and for the general public as well.In my view this trial of Ajmal Kasab should be finished because there is nothing more to think over it. Otherwise it will lead to expenditure of more and more money of the government on such a heinous criminal, which is of no worth.